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[Definition] What is programming in construction? - ##The process of identifying and organizing the owner's needs and requirements before designing a project.

[Definition] Who is responsible for programming? - ##The owner, sometimes with help from a programming consultant.

[Definition] Who is primarily responsible for the design phase? - ##The architect.

[Definition] What is the main purpose of the design phase? - ##To turn the owner's requirements into detailed plans and documents that can be used to estimate and construct the project.

[Definition] What is schematic design? - ##The early design stage that establishes the basic layout, form, and overall concept.

[Definition] What happens during design development? - ##The design becomes more detailed, and building systems such as structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing are coordinated.

[Definition] What are construction documents? - ##The completed drawings and written requirements used to price and build the project.

[Visual identification] A drawing shows the layout of rooms, doors, walls, and hallways as if looking down from above. What is it? - ##A floor plan.

[Visual identification] A drawing shows the outside of a building as if you were standing directly in front of it. What is it? - ##An elevation drawing.

[Visual identification] A drawing shows a building cut vertically so you can see the floors, ceiling heights, and structural connections. What is it? - ##A section drawing.

[Visual identification] A drawing zooms in on how a wall connects to the foundation. What is it? - ##A detail drawing.

[Definition] What is BIM? - ##Building Information Modeling, a digital representation of a building containing information about its components.

[Scenario] An owner wants a hospital with 100 patient rooms, special security, and energy-saving systems. During which phase should these requirements first be identified? - ##Programming.

[Definition] What is competitive bidding? - ##A process where several contractors submit bids to compete for a construction project.

[Definition] What is negotiated contracting? - ##A process where an owner negotiates directly with a contractor rather than relying only on competitive bids.

[Definition] What does going out to bid mean? - ##The owner distributes the completed bid package so contractors can submit prices for the work.

[Definition] What is a bid package? - ##The documents contractors need to review, price, and submit a bid for a project.

[Document identification] A paper explains the bid deadline, required forms, and how bids must be submitted. What is it? - ##Instructions to bidders.

[Document identification] A form asks about a contractor's previous projects, experience, and qualifications. What is it? - ##A bidder qualification questionnaire.

[Definition] What is prequalification? - ##The process of determining whether a contractor has the ability and qualifications to perform the work.

[Definition] What is an addendum? - ##A formal change or clarification issued to bidding documents before bids are submitted.

[Definition] What is an additive alternate? - ##An optional change that adds cost to the base bid.

[Definition] What is a deductive alternate? - ##An optional change that reduces the base bid price.

[Document identification] A government agency publishes a public advertisement inviting contractors to bid. What is this? - ##A notice to bid.

[Document identification] An owner sends a bidding invitation to only five selected contractors. What is this? - ##An invitation to bid.

[Definition] What is a responsible bidder? - ##A contractor who meets the required qualifications and has the ability to complete the project.

[Definition] What is a responsive bid? - ##A bid that follows the bidding instructions and meets the required submission conditions.

[Scenario] A contractor submits the lowest price but fails to provide a required bid bond. What problem might occur? - ##The bid may be considered nonresponsive.

[Scenario] An owner wants to select a contractor based on price, safety record, and technical experience. What selection method is being used? - ##Best-value selection.

[Calculation] A contractor submits a base bid of $500,000 with a $25,000 additive alternate and a $10,000 deductive alternate. If both are accepted, what is the total? - ##$515,000.

Calculation: $500,000 + $25,000 − $10,000 = $515,000.

[Definition] What is a bid/no-bid decision? - ##A contractor's decision about whether pursuing a particular project is worth the time, cost, and risk.

[Definition] Name three factors contractors consider before bidding. - ##Experience with similar projects, contract risk, and potential profit.

[Scenario] A residential contractor is considering bidding on a complicated hospital project. What concern should they have? - ##A lack of experience with that type of work could increase the risk of estimating mistakes or failing to meet contract requirements.

[Definition] What are liquidated damages? - ##Contractually agreed damages that may be owed for certain breaches, commonly late completion.

[Calculation] A contract requires $1,000 in liquidated damages per day. The contractor finishes 8 days late. What is the total? - ##$8,000, assuming all eight days are chargeable.

[Scenario] A contractor finds that the project's drawings are incomplete. Why could this affect their decision to bid? - ##Missing design information makes it harder to estimate costs and understand the work required.

[Definition] Why does a project's location matter when deciding to bid? - ##Location affects labor availability, transportation, equipment, material delivery, and other project costs.

[Scenario] A contractor discovers that the project owner has a history of late payments. Why is this important? - ##It creates financial and cash-flow risks for the contractor.

[Definition] Why should contractors understand local market conditions? - ##Local conditions affect material prices, labor availability, competition, and potential profit.

[Scenario] A contractor has enough work for the next year and would need to hire additional employees to accept another project. What should they evaluate? - ##Their available resources, workforce capacity, schedule, and whether the additional project is worth the risk.

[Definition] What is a construction estimate? - ##An educated prediction of how much a project will cost or how long it will take.

[Definition] What are direct costs? - ##Costs directly related to construction work, such as labor, materials, and equipment.

[Definition] What are indirect costs? - ##Costs necessary to operate the project but not assigned to one specific construction activity, such as jobsite offices and supervision.

[Definition] What is overhead? - ##The cost of operating a business or managing a project beyond the direct construction work.

[Definition] What is a quantity takeoff? - ##Measuring or counting the materials and work quantities needed to complete a project.

[Calculation] A project requires 400 square feet of flooring at $6 per square foot. What is the material cost? - ##$2,400.

Calculation: 400 × $6 = $2,400.

[Calculation] A worker earns $30 per hour and works 45 hours. What is the basic labor cost, assuming every hour is paid at the same rate? - ##$1,350.

Calculation: 45 × $30 = $1,350.

[Calculation] A project requires $12,000 in materials and $8,000 in labor. What is the combined direct cost? - ##$20,000.

[Calculation] A contractor estimates $5,000 in materials and adds 10% for waste. What is the adjusted material cost? - ##$5,500.

Calculation: $5,000 × 1.10 = $5,500.

[Definition] What is labor productivity? - ##The amount of construction work completed in a certain amount of labor time.

[Calculation] Four workers each work 8 hours at $25 per hour. What is the total basic labor cost? - ##$800.

Calculation: 4 × 8 × $25 = $800.

[Definition] What is 5D BIM? - ##Building Information Modeling that includes construction cost information.

[Definition] What is RSMeans? - ##A construction cost database used to estimate labor, materials, equipment, and other construction costs.

[Scenario] Steel prices rise significantly after a contractor prepares an estimate. What risk does this create? - ##The actual construction cost may exceed the estimated cost.

[Visual identification] An estimating worksheet has columns labeled Item, Quantity, Unit, Unit Cost, and Total. What is its purpose? - ##To calculate estimated costs by multiplying quantities by unit prices and adding the totals.

[Definition] What is a conceptual estimate? - ##A rough estimate prepared early in a project using limited information and historical cost data.

[Definition] What is another name for a conceptual estimate? - ##Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) estimate.

[Definition] What is a preliminary estimate? - ##An estimate made during early design, often using building area and historical costs.

[Definition] What is a detailed estimate? - ##A thorough estimate based on construction drawings, specifications, quantities, and detailed pricing.

[Definition] Who typically prepares detailed bid estimates? - ##Contractors.

[Calculation] A building has 5,000 square feet and an estimated construction cost of $180 per square foot. What is the total? - ##$900,000.

Calculation: 5,000 × $180 = $900,000.

[Definition] Why are conceptual estimates less accurate than detailed estimates? - ##They are prepared with less design information and rely more heavily on assumptions.

[Definition] Why are costs adjusted for location? - ##Labor, materials, equipment, and transportation costs vary by geographic location.

[Calculation] A base estimate is $100,000, and a location adjustment increases costs by 15%. What is the adjusted estimate? - ##$115,000.

Calculation: $100,000 × 1.15 = $115,000.

[Calculation] An estimate of $200,000 is expected to increase by 5% before construction. What is the adjusted cost? - ##$210,000.

[Definition] What are the major components of a final bid estimate? - ##Labor, materials, equipment, subcontractor costs, indirect costs, overhead, and profit.

[Scenario] An owner wants an early cost estimate before the building's layout is finalized. Which estimate is most appropriate? - ##A conceptual estimate.

[Scenario] A contractor has completed construction drawings, specifications, and quantity takeoffs. Which estimate should they prepare? - ##A detailed estimate.

[Definition] What is a contract? - ##A legally binding agreement that creates obligations between parties.

[Definition] What are the four primary ingredients of a valid contract? - ##Mutual agreement, capacity, consideration, and lawful purpose.

[Definition] What is mutual agreement? - ##All parties agree to the same terms.

[Definition] What is capacity? - ##The legal ability to understand and enter into a contract.

[Definition] What is consideration? - ##Something of value exchanged between the parties.

[Definition] What is lawful purpose? - ##The agreement must have a legal objective.

[Definition] What is breach of contract? - ##Failing to fulfill an obligation required by the contract.

[Scenario] A homeowner refuses to pay a contractor after the agreed work is completed. What may this be? - ##A breach of contract.

[Scenario] Someone was so intoxicated when signing a contract that they could not understand its terms. Which contract requirement may be missing? - ##Capacity.

[Scenario] A contractor starts construction without required building permits. What problems could occur? - ##Fines, stop-work orders, delays, and legal complications.

[Definition] What does terminating a contract mean? - ##Ending the contractual relationship according to the applicable contract terms or law.

[Definition] What are the four major contract types discussed in Chapter 13? - ##Lump sum, unit price, cost plus a fee, and cost plus with a guaranteed maximum price.

[Definition] What is a lump sum contract? - ##A contract where the contractor agrees to complete specified work for a fixed total price.

[Definition] Who generally carries more financial risk in a lump sum contract? - ##The contractor, because the agreed price is fixed.

[Definition] What is a unit price contract? - ##A contract where payment is based on actual quantities completed multiplied by agreed unit prices.

[Calculation] A contractor excavates 500 cubic yards at $40 per cubic yard. What is the payment? - ##$20,000.

Calculation: 500 × $40 = $20,000.

[Definition] What is a cost-plus-fee contract? - ##A contract where the owner reimburses allowable construction costs and pays the contractor an additional fee.

[Definition] Who generally carries more financial risk in a cost-plus-fee contract? - ##The owner, because total reimbursable costs may increase.

[Definition] What does GMP stand for? - ##Guaranteed Maximum Price.

[Definition] What is a GMP contract? - ##A cost-plus arrangement with an agreed maximum price, subject to the contract's terms and authorized changes.

[Scenario] A contractor agrees to build a warehouse for $2 million regardless of ordinary cost increases. What contract type is this? - ##Lump sum.

[Scenario] A contractor is paid according to the actual number of cubic yards of concrete installed. What contract type is this? - ##Unit price.

[Scenario] An owner pays allowable actual construction costs plus an agreed contractor fee. What contract type is this? - ##Cost plus a fee.

[Calculation] A cost-plus contract has $400,000 in reimbursable costs and a fixed fee of $40,000. What is the total? - ##$440,000.

[Scenario] A GMP is $900,000, but allowable project costs reach $950,000 without approved changes. Who generally bears the $50,000 overrun? - ##The contractor, under the GMP arrangement described in the lecture.

[Definition] What are contract documents? - ##Documents forming the legal basis of the construction agreement and defining project requirements, responsibilities, and obligations.

[Definition] What is the agreement document? - ##The document recording the contractual agreement between the owner and contractor.

[Definition] Which contract document does Chapter 14 say takes precedence over the others? - ##The signed agreement.

[Definition] What does AIA stand for? - ##American Institute of Architects.

[Definition] What is ConsensusDocs? - ##A collection of standardized construction contract documents developed through industry collaboration.

[Document identification] A document contains the owner's and contractor's names, agreed price, and signatures. What is it? - ##The agreement.

[Document identification] A package contains drawings, specifications, instructions to bidders, and qualification forms. What is it? - ##A bid package.