Asian American History MIDTERM

MIDTERM oct 22 Thursday help me someone helppppppppppppp.This includes specific dates for part A that we should know

Systemic Racism

A system of advantages and disadvantages based on race

4 components of citizenship

Formal Legal status, Rights, political Participation, Identity/solidarity

Race

social construction with TANGIBLE effects

race used to justify….

slavery, land dispossession, removal

beliefs of race backed by

science (social Darwinism, natural selection/evolution)

1790 Naturalization act

only FREE WHITE PERSONS of good character

1870 Naturalization Act

extended naturalization to African descent (after civil war and 14th amendment)

European and American Orientalism

fetishizations, objectification, and inferiority towards Asia.

Manila Acapulco Galleon trade

connecting Mexico to Philippines. Mexico brings silver, Philippines brings asian goods.

Filipinos role in Manila Acapulco Galleon trade

Crew, often died (harsh conditions), praised being “naturally” good by Spanish,

Filipinos in Mexico and Louisiana brought thru….

Manila Galleon trade brought them there, established Manila Village in Louisiana

US efforts to participate in Asian trade

Orientalism, wanted to become world power, forced opening of Jap through Matthew Perry

Earliest Asian immigrants

from galleon trade ships (1760s) and then more chinese as they brought more goods.

Impact of Opium war on INDIANS

Growth of Opium in India, use of indian soldiers

Impact of British Colonization in India

Taxes, landless, infrastructure/irrigation projects, DISASPORA

Indian Diaspora

“recruitment” of coolies to British colonies, Canada, US, and Indian soliders overseas (China, etc)

Most Indians coming to Canada and US are…

From pubjab province, farming communities, former soldiers, not under contracts, INITIALLY SOJOURNERS, LATER SETTLE

Indians in Canada

because of British colony canada, working in Railroads and Lumbermills, (Turban tide anti indian sentient)

1908 Canada Continuous Journey Order

Exclusion of Indians, caused many Indians to go to US

Sikhs in India and US

Majority of Immigrants to the US, but not majority in India/Punjab Province

Early (enslaved) Asians in the Americas

Enslaved Asians to spanish colonies in the Americas (1700 asian slave trade abolished)

American efforts to participate in Asian Trade led to….

Asians coming back on the ships to the US!

(sometimes enslaved Indians integrated with African American Communities)

Afong May

Chinese woman put on display for others to see in the US (Orientalism)

1839-1842 Opium War with INDIANS

Mostly Indian Soldiers, CHINA defeated

1842 Treaty of Nanking

Extra territoriality: British immune to Chinese Law

Hk and Ports to Britain.

1844 Treaty of Wanghia

US wanted the same rights to Chinese ports as Britian did after the Treaty Of Nanking.

Abolishment of slave TRADE and slavery as an INSTITUTION is different

slave trade banned (causing increased prices) before the institution (causing need for new labor source)

Early Chinese Migrations after opium War

Small % self funded migration, Credit-ticket system/Contract labor to US/Hawaii, Coolie trade to Latin America (Cuba +Peru), other (SE asia)

Abolishment of slave trade/institution causes

need coolie labor, esp in colonies (India)

Chinese coolies in Cuba

during slavery and Spanish Colonization of Cuba

Chinese coolies in Peru

During and after slavery in Peru

Difference between British and Chinese coolie trade

British is regulated Indian coolie trade

Chinese is unregulated coolie trade

Simillarity between British and Chinese coolie trade

both exploited by westerners

Where did Coolies go

Latin America and Carribean

COOLIES NOT GOING TO US

recruitment of coolies

gambling to lose money, false promises, kidnapped,

Coolie jounrey experience

HIGH mortality rate 10-30%, ships modeled after slave trade (Same boats)form

forms of resistance on the coolie jounrey

mutiny, suicide

coolie plantation experiences

contracts not enforced, rules taken from slave codes, Store monopoly

interaction between slave and coolie

slaves sometimes asked to punish coolies, drink urine of the enslaved african

Cuba paper system: Freedom Papers

need sponsor to sign, even after 5 year contract is up. CYCLE OF EXPLOITATION

Experiences of South Asian (Indian) women as coolie laborers (British colonies)

Planters motives to start families, dont want workers to move, dual labor, sexual exploitation

resistance on plantations Chinese coolies

written petitions, learning how to write, testimonies, joining Cuba wars of independence

1862 Act Prohibits Coolie trade

No CHINESE Coolies. However, Chinese ppl can be classified as coolies and therefore banned from the US. They pick and choose

1852 Foregin Miners Tax

Non-citizens, selective enforcement, specifically Chinese miners (not mexican)

1854 people VS Hall

non-whites cannot testify in court (white man shot a Chinese based on Chinese eyewitness)

Chinese work in Transcontinental Railroad

eastward, unequal pay compared to Irish, STRIKES!!, winter work is harsh

“The Chinese Must Go”

During railroad building, they thought Chinese would steal their jobs

Promonary point

end of railroad, chinese not pictured, not able to ride back home

Chinese in Swampland Afrigulature

turned the swapland in Cali to Agricultural land

Why are there not many Chinese women to US

Chinese patriarchy and US employers wanting movable workers

Chinese women to the US

forced into prostitution, no legal power, resistance thru drugs, exploited by both white and Chinese

Why were chinese women a sexual racial threat

dislike of mixed race children/ sexual relations

1875 Page Law

No more oriental women coming to the US (fear of them being prostitutes)

1878 In re Ah Yup

Ah Yup is Mongolian therefore not white, (he said he isnt black so he can be naturalized) USE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE TO LEGALIZE RACIAL HIERARCHIES)

Creation of Chinatowns

often because they were denied housing elsewhere.

Many marriages between Chinese men and Irish Women

Chinese support networks

Rotating credit system: someone can start a buisness with pooled money, Chinese Nationalists against qing Dynasty

1871 Chinese Massacre in LA Cali

Its white employers exploiting the Chinese, but white working ppl hated the Chinese for it. 18 killed, hanged lynched, LITTLE PUNISHMENT

1882 chinese Exclusion Act

Chinese LABORERS (Higher class chinese can come, seen as temporary), Chinese uneligible for Citizenship

1885 Rock Springs Riot, Wyoming Territory

Chinese miners used AGENCY did not protest w whites, ORGANIZED ATTACK 28 killed. Little punishment.

1878 Ho Ah Kow v Nunan

Ho Ah Kow did not have to cut his hair because it goes against the 14th amendment. Applied to PERSONS and not only citizens!

1885 Tape v Hurley

Chinese won, ended segregation in schools

However schools just created another school for Chinese, separate but equal.

1886 Yick Wo v Hopkins

Landry licsence was not given to many Chinese, CHINESE WIN as it goes against the 14th amendment. (a law may be fair on its face, but can be administered unequally) cited many times after, esp for African Americans

1898 Wong Kim Ark v United States

Birthright citizenship! Ark was unable to come back to the US.Only said yes because they feared they would need to deny other european US borns.

1854 Treaty of Kanagawa

Perry used gunboat intimidation, open ports up, starts meiji restoration

meiji restoration

rapid industrialization, more foregin trade, economic harship bc of tax and therefore migration to Hawaii

Difference between Jap Hawaii and US workers

US: migratory

Hawaii: one plantation, contracts

difference between Chinese and Japanese immigrants

Jap: tenant farming, leasing/owning land

Chinese: wage workers

1876 Treaty of Kanghwa between Jap and Korea

Jap being Perry and forcing Korea to open ports

1894-5 Sino-Japanese War

Jap wins against China

1895 Treaty of Shiminoseki

ends sino-jap war, China opens ports to Jap, shows Jap is rising in power and slight fall of China

1904 Russo-Japanese War

Japn wins against Russ, shows first Asian military victory over western power

1905 Taft Katsura Agreement

US can go for Phillipines, Japan can go for Korea. Not formal agreeement, Secret!

Yellow Peril

Japn is military, economic, social, racial, threat

1905 Asian Exclusion League

Think asians are a threat to jobs, wages, organized violence

1907 President T Roosevelt Executive Order 589

Denied secondary migration from Hawaii to mainland

1908 Gentlemens Agreement

Board of ed wants to segregate schools: Roosevelt is like NO, but we’ll ask Jap to stop issuing emigration papers to coolies.—> Later gives rise to picture brides bc theyre allowed.

Picture brides

Kor and Japn, Children are US citizens by birth and Women are working inside and outside house.

1913 and 1920 Alien Land Law CALIFORNIA,

1922 Cable Act: women married to alien cannot own land

Aliens ineligible for citizenship unable to buy/own land

1920 closed loopholes: using children/wives names,

1924 Immigration Act

denied entry for aliens ineligible for citizenship, targeting Japanese and therefore Kor (bc Jap ruled kor) FILIPINOS OK BC NATIONALS

1920 Strike: Japanese and Filipino workers

interethinic strike, class conciousness, wage was now equal for classes.

1882 Korean American Treaty

Help eachother if attacked, US gets priority trading and extraterritoriality

Tonghak rebellion

Peasants demands redistribution of land, punishing officials, end of slavery. Kor gov asks China for help, Jap comes in uninvited, sparking SinoJap war. Jap now prominent in Kor after they won

Impact of Jap in korea

infrastucture built to exploit resources, forced assimilation, education,

Korean agriculture in mainland US

Kim brothers company created the NECTARINE

Kor support networks

Many Korean churches, Kor national Association, rotating credit system, women participation

Korean National Association founded 1909

oppose Jap rule, DUTY fees, religious and education, newspapers free of Jap censorship

March 1 1919 Seoul

Peaceful demonstration against Japanese colonization, Jap very violent response. Continued demonstrations after

Korean Declaration of Independence

Based of 14 points, however US ignores Kor Declaration, (Kor does not gain independence from this)

Korean Liberty Congress in Philadelphia 1919

Appeal to America highlighting Democracy,

Proclamation of Kor Independence —> ASIAN PEACE

Wilsons 14 points relevance to Koreans

Wilson says right to govern, only meant for european countries. Jap and US are allys so he turns blind eye to Korea being colonized by Japan

1921 Easurk Esmen Charr

He is not white, black, he is MONGOLIAN. Charr served in the military but the citizenship for aliens serving does not apply to Koreans.

Canada 1908 Continuous Journey Order

Need DIRECT passage to Canada, target Indian and Jap. KOGATAWA MARU standoff:

Indians in California and violence

Violence caused them to move South to Imperial Valley (TRANSFORM DESERT TO ARABLE LAND, married Mexican Women)

Marriages between Mexican and Indian

Mexican always white, Indian sometimes caucasian OR colored or Hindu

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended Mexican American War in exchange Mexicans who stayed in the ceded lands can get citizeenship

Ghadar Party

Aiming to overthrow British control and establish Indian republic, NEWSPAPER, Tried to revolt w Germany but failed

Komagata Maru standoff

British failed to protect Indian subjects, colonial citzenship dpes npt mean equal rights. return to India

1917 Immigration Act

ASIATIC BARRED ZONE (Jap/Filipinos still ok)

“Healthy, imbeciles, stupid” CLASS differences

1922 Takao Ozawa v US

white does not equal caucasian. Jap is not white.

rely on science

1923 Bhagat Singh Thind v US

Caucasian does not mean WHITE

(He is ethnically caucasian) rely on COMMON knowledge