Hematology Exam I review chap 1,2,4

WBC reference range

4.5-11.0 × 10³

RBC reference range for males

4.7-6.1 × 10^6

RBC reference range for females

4.2-5.4 × 10^6

Hgb reference range for males

13.5-17.5 g/dL

Hgb reference range for females

12-16 g/dL

Hgb reference range for infants

14-22 g/dL

Hct reference range for males

42%-52%

Hct reference range for females

37%-47%

MCV reference range

80-100 fL

MCH reference range

27-34 pg

MCHC reference range

32%-36%

RDW reference range

11.5%-14.5%

PLT reference range

150,000-450,000

Neutrophils differential

50-70%

Lymphocytes differential

20%-44%

Monocytes differential

2%-9%

Eosinophils differential

0%-4%

Basophils differential

0%-2%

Cell maturation sequence for WBC

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, neutrophilic myelocyte, neutrophilic metamyeloctye, neutrophilic band, neutrophilic segmented

Hematology

Study of blood

Average adult male volume

5-6 L

Average adult woman volume

4-5 L

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

Normal stain used in lab that gives the nucleus a dark blue stain, cytoplasm a lighter stain.

Wright-Giemsa stain

RBC size

6-8 micrometers

Job of Platelets

Clotting and Vasoconstriction. 1st defense in coagulation.

Job of White blood cells

Immune response/ fight infection.

Neutrophils are in the blood for how long?

10 hours

How long do RBCs live?

120 days

What color are eosinophils when stained?

orange

Job of segmented Neutrophils

Cell-eating, 1st line of defense.

What is the percentage of segmented neutrophils (normal count)?

50%-70%

What is the percentage of band neutrophils (normal count)?

2%-6%

other word for granules

granulocytes

Are basophils water-soluble or not water-soluble?

Water-soluble

Creating all new blood cells and blood components in the body.

Hematopoiesis

Medullary hematopoiesis

in bone marrow

where cells are generating (in bone marrow)

progenitor

Secreted to help with glycoprotein production. Helps maturation of RBC production.

cytokines

Blood cell production happens where inside a fetus?

Yolk sack

Granulocytic cells: ___% in storage, ___% floating around.

50, 50

Platelets: ___% floating around, ___% in storage.

70, 30

Platelets are stored where?

Spleen

RBCs: ___% floating around

100

To help enhance reticulocytes

New methylene stain

Consists of a plasma membrane surrounded in a solution of proteins and electrolytes. No nucleus

RBC

_____, _____, and _____ are used to identify blood cells, determine cell maturity, and diagnose blood disorders.

Chromatin, cytoplasm, and nuclei

In the thymus. Immune functions. Cytotoxic and suppresses immune activities.

T-cells

In bone marrow. Originate in bones and bone marrow.

B-Cells

Abnormal hemoglobins that people have where it’s preventing someone from taking oxygen and carrying oxygen properly. It is ACQUIRED.

Hemoglobinpathies

Example of hemoglobinpathies

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Secrete factors that help with control of hematopoiesis. Helps with formation, calcification, and maintenance of trabeculae and cancellous bone. Contributes to bone structure.

Osteoblasts

Secrete enzymes that help with dissolution of osteoid tissue and calcified bone. Involved in reabsorption of bone to help with formation of bone marrow.

Osteoclasts

Glycophorin is ___% of the total membrane protein.

20

Causes RBCs to repel eachother because of their negative charge as they move through circulation. Membrane where antigens can also be found.

Glycophorin

Long, flexible protein that is composed of a helix of two parallel polypeptide chains. Binds with other peripheral proteins and other cytoskeletal proteins to form skeletal network of microfilaments on inner surface of RBC. Protects cell from being broken by circulatory shear forces. Controls the biconcave shape of RBC.

Spectrin

pigment that gives RBCs its red color

Heme

A colorless protein constituent of hemoglobin. Forms the protein network of oxygen-transporting molecules like hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Globin

90% of the destruction of senescent RBCs occurs by this. Old damaged RBCs are phagocytized by RES cells and digested by their lysosomes. Hemoglobin gets disassembled and broken down.

Extravascular hemolysis

5%-10% of normal RBC destruction occurs by this. RBC destruction occurs within the lumen of the blood vessels. The RBC ruptures, releasing hemoglobin directly into the bloodstream.

Intravascular Hemolysis

Three properties of deformability

Cytoskeletal proteins, processes controlling intracellular ion and water handling, and membrane surface-to-volume ratio.

Survival as the cell travels and function of oxygen delivery.

Deformability

RBC membrane is relatively ____ to cations. RBC is freely permeable to ___ and ___.

Impermeable, water, anions

Prevention of colloid osmotic hemolysis and controlling the volume of the RBC.

Permeability

Earliest and most immature cell in the development of RBCS. (Erythopoiesis)

Rubriblast

Immature RBC found in bone marrow

Prorubricyte

Immature RBC that still contains a nucleus

rubricyte

Final stage of RBC development that still contains a nucleus before the cell matures.

metarubricyte

Produced in bone marrow that circulates blood for about 1 or 2 days before maturing.

Reticulocytes

Mature RBC

Mature erythrocyte

Produces new RBCs from stem cells in bone marrow

Erythropoiesis

Forms new lymphocytes and plasma cells from stem cells

lymphopoiesis

Govern how blood cells generate energy and support specialized functions like oxygen transport

Metabolic pathway

What does CBC stand for?

Complete blood count

Reticulocyte count for newborns

2.5-6.0%

Reticulocyte count for adults

0.5-2.5%

Which of the following is not a process affecting RBC survival and function?

Integrity of RBC cellular membrane

Cell metabolism

Intravascular hemolysis

hemoglobin structure

Intravascular hemolysis

Which abnormal RBC is not caused by a structural membrane defect?

Spherocyte

Target Cell

Siderocyte

Acanthocyte

Siderocyte

Which list represents the complete set of processes necessary for normal hemoglobin production?

Iron delivery and supply, synthesis of protoporphyrins, and globin synthesis

Iron salvage, synthesis of conjugated bilirubin, and haptoglobin synthesis

Iron accumulation, synthesis of hemopexin, and globin catabolism

Iron catabolism, synthesis of uroporphyrinogen, and ferritin synthesis

Iron delivery and supply, synthesis of protoporphyrins, and globin synthesis

What is the correct list for the number and type of globin chains in normal adult hemoglobin?

Four α, two β, and two ϵ chains

Two α and two non-α chains

Two α, four β, one δ, and one ϵ chain

Two α, two β, two δ, and one ϵ chain

Two α and two non-α chains

What is the composition of normal adult hemoglobin?

92-95% HbA; 5-8% HbA; 1-2% HbF

90-92% HbA; 2-3% HbA; 2-5% HbF

80-85% HbA; 2-3% HbA; 1-2% HbF

95-97% HbA; 2-3% HbA; 1-2% HbF

95-97% HbA; 2-3% HbA; 1-2% HbF

Which of the following cells is caused by iron accumulation?

Acanthocyte

Ringed sideroblast

Burr cell

Bite cell

Ringed sideroblast

The membrane protein spectrin is important for which of the following?

Maintaining the RBC’s net negative charge

Maintaining the RBC’s membrane integrity

Maintaining the RBC’s regulated volume

Maintaining the RBC’s net positive charge

Maintaining the RBC’s membrane integrity

If the RBC cannot deform, what is a consequence?

The RBC will undergo intravascular hemolysis

The RBC will lose too much cellular volume

The RBC mat not make it through the RES vasculature

The RBC will not be able to generate the required energy needed for functionality

The RBC mat not make it through the RES vasculature

The primary function of hemoglobin is to:

Generate ATP for the RBC

Fuel the cation pump for the RBC

Maintain RBC membrane deformability

Carry and deliver oxygen

Carry and deliver oxygen

When there is a shift to the right in the oxygen dissociation curve, which of the following is true?

Hemoglobin’s affinity for delivering oxygen is increased.

Hemoglobin’s affinity for holding on to oxygen is increased.

2-3, DGP levels are decreased.

The patient may be hypothermic.

Hemoglobin’s affinity for delivering oxygen is increased.

Which of the following is a list of abnormal hemoglobins that are unable to transport or deliver oxygen?

Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin

Methemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin

Which metabolic pathway generates 90% of the ATP needed by the RBCs?

Methemoglobin reductase pathway

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Embden-meyerof pathway

Leubering-Rapaport shunt

Embden-meyerof pathway

Protein that carries sugar molecules and makes RBCs membrane negatively charged to help with movement and not stick together.

Glycophorin

Found in cytoskeleton and protects cell. Gives cell its shape

Spectrin

_____ leads to a decrease in RBC survival

Deformability

RBC with no central pallor

Spherocyte

Causes an increase in volume of cell, allows gases and liquids to pass through the cell freely

Permeability

Hydrophilic portion composed of glycolipid, glycoprotein, and protein

Outer layer

Hydrophobic layer with protein, cholesterol, and phospholipid

Central layer

Hydrophilic layer made of protein, houses the cytoskeleton for flexibility, shape, and stability. Highly elastic

Inner layer

Adult Hemoglobin carries ___ a chains, ___ B chains, and ___ gene groups

2, 2, 4

The outer layer is composed of ___% lipids

40

The outer layer is composed of ___% protein

52

The outer layer is composed of ___% carbs

8