History and Systems Exam 2

Chapter 5 - 8

What was true of the British empire?

They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton’s principles

How did Hobbes feel about democracy?

He thought it was dangerous

Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:

feelings of pleasure and pain

Which statement best describes Locke’s philosophy toward education?

Children should be allowed to feel discomfort to prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life

Berkeley believed that ____________ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.

materialism

According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:

God perceives it

What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?

passions

Hume considered _____ as the only type of knowledge that can effectively guide our conduct in this world.

demonstrative knowledge

According to ______, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

utilitarianism

Bain felt that the law of _______ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists, and inventors.

According to Comte’s law of three stages, a culture at the highest stage of development used _______ to understand the world.

theological arguments

What philosophical position populates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?

Rationalism

Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?

Empiricists used induction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “top-down” approach

Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism?

the mind and the body are like two sides of a coin

According to Spinoza all human emotions are derived from:

Experiences of pleasure and pain

Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist:

are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence

Direct realism is ________.

the belief that the world is as we immediately experience the real world.

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists?

Faculty psychologists believed that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain.

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from:

the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

In a discipline that Kant called _________, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior.

anthropology

The concept of ________ refers to the mind’s realization that it exists apart from the Absolute.

Alienation

Herbart’s notion that ideas had the power to attract or repel other ideas is known as __________.

Psychic mechanics

The Enlightenment is also referred to as the:

Age of Reason

For the Romantics, a person who _______ was living the good life.

lived according to his or her own inner nature

Hobbes, along with many other theologians and philosophers, believed that humans nature to be ______, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ________.

animalistic; good

For Rousseau, a noble savage was _________ referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):

a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society

Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?

Goethe

Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:

unconscious

Kierkegaard believed that the existence of ______ has to be taken on faith.

God

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?

Aesthetic —> ethical —> religious

Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be _______, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be _______.

repressed, expressed

Nietzsche’s ______ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.

perspectivism

What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century?

Physiology

Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they:

need to learn to perceive

To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:

three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors

Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her PhD in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:

she was a woman.

Whose theory of color vision was based on evolutionary theory?

Ladd-Franklin

Determining a person’s character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called:

physiognomy

The work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier demonstrated localized brain function, which was somewhat similar to the predictions made by _________

phrenologists

Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:

just noticeable difference

Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:

absolute threshold

Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing. In doing so, he created the field of:

experimental aesthetics