AP COGO ch 4-7 quiz

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An economic indicator that adjusts GDP to account for differences in the cost of living between countries, offering a more accurate comparison of living standards.

Gini Index

A statistical formula that measures economic inequality within a country, ranging from 0 (perfect equality where everyone has the same income) to 100 (complete inequality where one person holds all the income).

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite statistic developed by the United Nations that measures a country's overall achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: health (life expectancy), education (literacy and enrollment), and standard of living (GDP per capita adjusted for PPP).

Central bank

a state institution responsible for managing a country's national currency, money supply, interest rates, and monetary policy.

Parastatals

Industries or enterprises partially or wholly owned by the state, often operating in key economic sectors (common in state-corporatist systems)

Social Expenditures

Government spending on public benefits and social welfare programs, such as healthcare, education, and pensions

Tariffs

Taxes or duties imposed by a government on imported goods to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Quotas

Numerical limits set by a government on the quantity of a specific good that can be imported into the country over a given period

Revolution

A public seizure of the state with broad citizen participation, aimed at fundamentally overturning the existing political regime and socioeconomic structure.

Coup d’Etat

A sudden, often military-led overthrow of the existing government, typically executed from within the state apparatus rather than through a mass public uprising.

Relative Deprivation Model

A theory predicting that political violence occurs when public expectations for improvement rapidly outpace actual social and economic conditions, creating widespread frustration.

Guerrilla Warfare

a combat where a group not associated with the state and who usually abide by the rules of war, decide to attack the state. An unconventional military strategy where small, mobile groups of irregular combatants use hit-and-run tactics, ambushes, and sabotage to challenge a stronger conventional army or state

Terrorism

The use of violence by non-state actors against civilians to achieve political, ideological, or religious goals by instilling widespread fear.

State-Sponsored Terrorism

Terrorism that is covertly supported, financed, trained, or harbored by a sovereign state to advance its foreign policy objectives.

Nihilism

A philosophical belief that traditional values and institutions are baseless and that society must be destroyed to clear the path for a new beginning

Single-Member District (SMD) / First-Past-the-Post (FPTP):

An electoral system where voters choose a single candidate, and the candidate who wins a plurality (the most votes, even if under 50%) wins the district's seat.

Proportional Representation (PR)

An electoral system where political parties win legislative seats in proportion to the total percentage of the nationwide or regional vote they receive.

Mixed Electoral Systems

Systems that combine elements of both majoritarian (SMD/FPTP) and proportional representation, allowing voters to cast one vote for a local district representative and another for a party list.

Parliamentary System

A system of government where the executive branch (prime minister and cabinet) is drawn from and directly accountable to the legislature (parliament), which can remove them via a vote of no confidence.

Presidential System

A system where the executive (president) is elected independently of the legislature, serving a fixed term as both head of state and head of government with clear separation of powers.

Semi-Presidential System

A system featuring both a directly elected president with significant executive powers and a prime minister who manages day-to-day governance and is responsible to the legislature.

Rule of Law

The principle that all citizens, leaders, and institutions are equally subject to and accountable under publicly disclosed, fairly enforced laws.

Civil Liberties

Basic individual freedoms and rights (such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion) that are protected from government infringement.

Civil Rights

Legal and governmental protections ensuring equal treatment and preventing discrimination for all citizens.

Civil Society

The network of voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations, interest groups, and community groups that operate independently of the state.

Supranational System

An international organization in which member states pool some of their sovereignty to make decisions and pass laws that are legally binding on all members (e.g., the European Union).

Intergovernmental System

An arrangement where sovereign cooperating states retain their ultimate power and coordinate actions primarily through consensus and negotiation rather than binding authority.

Referendum

A national vote called by the government in which the electorate votes directly on a specific policy proposal, law, or constitutional amendment.