psych 220 test 2

What is a survey or poll?

A method of asking people standardized questions

What is a forced-choice question?

Making you choose between 2 different options (would you rather)

What does a Likert scale measure?

A persons attitude from strongly agree to strongly disagree

What makes a semantic differential scale distinctive?

Rating a thing on points like 1 for no pain 10 for a lot of pain

What is a leading question?

A question that pushes respondents toward a particular answer

What is a double-barreled question?

A single question that asks about two or more distinct issues at the same time, but forces the respondent to provide only one answer EXAMPLE: Did you find your teachers to be punchual AND likeable

What is a response set?

A consistent answering pattern regardless of question content

What is acquiescence, or yea-saying?

Always choosing yet/agreeing

What is fence sitting?

Repeatedly choosing middle or neutral responses

What is faking good?

Putting responces to make yourself seem good

What is faking bad?

Putting responces to make yourself seem bad

Why can self-reports about past events be inaccurate?

Memory changes over time

What is observational research?

Watching a subject or group, typically in a natural setting

What is observer bias?

An observer records what they expect to see

What is reactivity?

People change their behavior to look good and conform to what they think the researcher expects

What is a codebook in observational research?

A structured rule book for the study that defines the specific categories, labels, and behavioral rules for reseacrhers to classify and interpret observservations — improves internal validity

What is interrater reliability?

Do two people doing the same observation argee

What is a double-blind study?

Participants and relevant researchers or assessors are unaware of condition assignments

When is observing people in public ethically acceptable without consent?

In a public space

Can participants withdraw consent from a study?

Yes

What is a population?

The group the research is being like made for

What is a sample?

A portion of the population being studied for research

What is a census?

Collecting information from every member of a population

What is a population of interest?

Who the researchers are attempting to study

What is probability sampling?

Every member has a probability chance of being chosen

What is a biased sample?

A sample in which selection favors some population members in a way that can distort representation

What is random sampling primarily used to improve?

External validity

What is random assignment?

Assigning people randomly to control or expirement group — Helps internal validity

What is systematic sampling?

Choosing a random starting point and selecting every like 4th person or so — MOST VALID

What is cluster sampling?

Selecting members from a specific cluster (students from a specific school)

What is multistage sampling?

Selecting people only because they meet a specific criterion

What is stratified random sampling?

Puts people into subgroups and gets certain amounts to match population

What is convenience sampling?

Selecting participants who are easy to reach or available

What is self-selection sampling?

People choose if they want to do a study, like posting a study online

What is snowball sampling?

Having participants invite other participants

What is purposive sampling?

Choosing people to make your research have the results you want - EXAMPLE: Choosing people with severe syntoyms only

What is quota sampling?

Setting target numbers for particular subgroups and recruiting until each target is met

Does a larger sample automatically make a study representative?

Yes, until 1000

When is external validity particularly important?

When results need to be genraliziable

What is external validity?

How accurate to the population chosen

What is a bivariate correlation?

An experiment involving two variables

What does a correlation coefficient r describe?

The strength and direction of a relationship between 2 variables

What does a correlation near zero mean?

Not any relationship/Not significant

How are associations between categorical variables often displayed?

Graph works as well as scatterplot

What is construct validity?

How well are the variables measured

What is face validity?

Whether a measure/the test measures what it is intended to measure

What is discriminant validity?

If participants take an oppisite test the results should be oppisite

What is an effect size?

Strength of relationship between variables

What is a confidence interval?

A range expressing uncertainty around an estimate

What is replication?

Repeating the same survey/expirement to make sure reliable

What is restriction of range?

A statistical problem that happens when the data used in a study lacks full variability, covering only a narrow subset of the total possible values in a population

What is a curvilinear relationship?

A relationship that follows a curve instead of a straight-line pattern — C shape or Bell shape for instance

What is covariance as a criterion for causation?

a proposed causal variable must systematically change alongside the outcome variable.

What is temporal precedence?

One variable has to come first

What is a spurious association?

Two things are linked but there isn’t a relationship — EXAMPLE: Ice Cream and Murders

What is internal validity in a causal claim?

Whether the proposed cause truly explains the effect rather than plausible alternatives

What is a moderating variable?

The third variable which causes the relationship between a predictor and outcome variable

What does multiple regression examine?

The relationship between a single dependent (outcome) variable and two or more independent (predictor) variables

What is the criterion variable in a regression analysis?

The outcome researchers want to predict or explain

What is a predictor variable in multiple regression?

What predicts and is associated with the variable

What is the difference between beta and R?

Beta is for multivariable while R is for bivariate

What does it mean when a study says a variable was controlled for?

The researchers took steps to remove the variables effects on the relationship

What does a small p-value generally indicate?

The data is unlikely

What does a narrower confidence interval generally indicate?

Greater precision in the estimate and less uncertainty

Why does multiple regression not establish causation by itself?

It cannot account for underlying cause or give temporial variance

What is a mediator?

A variable that helps explain how or why one variable is related to another

How does a moderator differ from a mediator?

A moderator must come before every variable

What is a third-variable explanation?

Two variables have a strong correlation, so one must cause the other

What does parsimony mean when comparing explanations?

Choosing the simplist explaination, occums razor

What citation system does APA use in the text?

author-date citation system

What is the difference between a narrative and parenthetical citation?

Narrative goes before a sentance

Which is a correct narrative citation for a one-author source by Morling published in 2025?

According to Morling (2025), …

How do you cite a work with three or more authors in APA 7 in-text citations?

Et al

What is required when paraphrasing another author's ideas?

Citation

What is generally needed for a direct quotation from a paginated source?

Author, year, and page number

How are quotations of 40 words or more generally formatted in APA 7?

block quotations, so you start a whole new paragraph

How should you cite a secondary source when you have not read the original work?

"as cited in" (or "cited in"

How should multiple works in the same APA parenthetical citation generally be ordered?

Alphabetically

How are personal communications, such as private emails, generally cited in APA 7?

Cited in text only, not in references

What is the purpose of APA's quantitative Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS-Quant)?

To improve transparency and replicability

Which information is important to report in the methods section of a quantitative study?

How the research was designed, how data were collected and measured, and how the data were analyzed

Why must paraphrased ideas still be cited?

The underlying intellectual property belongs to the original author, not you

Can standardized beta coefficients from different regression studies always be directly compared?

NO

What is the difference between statistical significance and effect size?

Statistical significance tells you whether an result is real or just a product of random chance, whereas effect size tells you how large, important, or meaningful that result is in the real world