Learn: Clemson BIOL 2220 Anatomy and Physiology 1: Unit 1

light

what energy does an xray use

xray

imaging device that looks at hard tissue/dense structures

CT

imaging device that creates a cross sectional plane from a number of different perspectives. Looks at bone

light

what energy does a CT use

xeon CT

imaging device that looks at active tissue

xeon CT

imaging device that requires the patient to inhale a radioactive gas

xeon CT

device that is good for viewing strokes

DSR

device that creates a detailed 3D image from a CT scan

light

what energy does DSR use

DSA

device that looks at blood vessels

DSA

device that requires a contrast dye injected into patient to view blood vessels

light

what energy does DSA use

PET

device that shows metabolic processes

PET

device that requires radioactive isotope injections

PET

what device is used to determine if a tumor is cancerous or not

M2A

- a swallowable pill/imaging capsule (has a mini camera on it)

-The pill snaps digital pictures as it passes through the digestive tract

light

what energy does PET use

ultrasound

imaging device that uses sound waves to work

ultrasound

uses high frequency sound waves to look at soft tissue

magnetic

what energy does MRI use

magnetic

what energy does MRS use

MRI

uses magnetic energy to look at soft tissue; creates a magnetic field that makes charged ions in the tissue temporarily line up and creates a picture

MRS

uses magnetic energy to look at COMPOSITION of tissues

MRS

what is a good device used to look at tumors

structure can dictate function and function can regulate structure

what is the relationship of anatomy and physiology

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismic

list levels of organization from lowest to highest

liver

what is the largest internal organ

skin

what is the largest external organ

skin

what is a limiting boundary for the human body

limiting boundary

this separates things from the outside world

excitability

ability to detect change within and around the body

conductivity

ability to send info about the stimuli from one part of the body to another to create a response

metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

catabolism

big to small

anabolism

small to big

growth

increase in size of existing cells or increase in number of cells

somatic

what type of cells can reproduce infinitely

gamete

what type of cells can only reproduce so many times

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temp, atmospheric pressure

what are the things we NEED for survival

oxygen

what is the final electron acceptor for cellular respiration that we need in order to get energy to function

homeostasis

condition of a stable internal body environment; dynamic equilibrium

nervous and endocrine

what are the two stress regulating systems

nervous system

sends fast, electrical messages that react quickly, but don't last long.

endocrine system

sends slow, chemical messages that react slowly, but last long

positive

feedback system that intensifies the stimulus/original condition

negative

feedback system that acts to reverse the condition the stimulus caused and return body to homeostasis

receptor--> (afferent pathway)--> control center-->(efferent pathway)--> effector

what are the components to a feedback system

receptor

detects a stressor and sends the message to the control center

control center

sends a signal to effector

effector

uses information given from control center to bring body back to homeostasis

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

what four elements make up 96% of our body

solid

which state of matter? bone, teeth

liquid

which state of matter? plasma, urine, blood

gas

which state of matter? air in lungs

no. It's shape can change (doesn't have a definite shape)

is a muscle a solid? why or why not

gas

in which state of matter are molecules the fastest

potential

creating a bond creates _______ energy into the molecule

energy

every time we release a phosphate from something, we gain what?

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

list the three bonds from lowest to highest energy in the human body

exergonic

energy released; reactants are higher energy than products

endergoinc

energy absorbed; reactants are lower energy than products

water

most abundant inorganic compound in our body

ions

when salts dissociate in a solution, they form

electrolytes

ions in the human body are referred to as

salts

what inorganic molecule is important in stimulating and exciting tissue

electrolyte

kidneys function to maintain ___________ balance

acids

dissociate when put into water

increases

when acids dissociate in water, the H+ concentration _________________

acids

proton donors

acids

what inorganic molecule helps form ATP

bases

dissociate when put into water

reduce

when dissociated in water, bases _______________ H+ concentration in a solution

bases

proton acceptors

hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

acidic

pH of 1-6.9 is

basic

pH of 7.1-14 is

lower

the ___________ the pH, the greater the H+ concentration

higher

the __________ the pH, the lower the H+ concentration

carbohydrates

the main organic molecule that gives us energy

carbohydrates

what organic molecule is a monosaccharide

monosaccharides

simple sugars are examples of ________________

monosaccharides

simplest form of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

we can absorb this level of carb as they pass through the small intestine

monosaccharides

monomer of carbohydrates

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

examples of monosaccharides

carbohydrate

what organic molecule is a disaccharide

disaccharides

two chemically joined monosaccharides

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

disaccharides

this level of carbs has to be digested before it can be absorbed

maltose, sucrose, lactose

examples of disaccharides

polysaccharides

many monosaccharides linked together (more than 2)

carbohydrates

which organic molecule is a polysaccharide

glycogen

we store polysaccharides in the form of _________

muscles and liver

where are polysaccharides typically stored in the body

glycogen

what polysaccharide product do humans store

starch

what polysaccharide do plants store

lipids

insoluble in water

lipids

nonpolar organic molecules

lipid

_________ soluble stuff can flow freely through the phospholipid bilayer