Abnormal Exam 2

Which of the following is considered an impulse-control disorder? (kleptomania, tobacco-use disorder, alcohol use disorder, all of the above)

Kelptomania

True or False: Withdrawal from alcohol can sometimes cause someone to experience severe bodily tremors and frightening hallucinations.

True

Which class of psychoactive drugs is the most commonly consumed in the US?

Stimulants

Bethany orders a virgin pina colada, not realizing that it doesn't contain any alcohol. Still, she becomes more cheerful and less inhibited. This is likely due to

An expectancy effect

Which of the following individuals' behavior seems most consistent with a substance use disorder?

Danny often drinks so much at parties that he oversleeps and misses his morning classes

After drinking a few cups of coffee to stay awake and finish his term paper, Ben finds himself unable to focus on the paper. Feeling anxious and restless, he fidgets and notices that the muscles in his leg are twitching. Ben seems to be experiencing

Caffeine intoxication

Colleen takes a medication that makes her feel sick and nauseous every time she drinks alcohol. This approach is known as

Aversive treatment

Whenever Murphy misses his morning cup of coffee, he's groggy, irritable, and his trouble concentrating. Murphy is experiencing

Withdrawl

Behaviors consistent with a DSM symptom for Alcohol Use Disorder

Excessiveness, skipping responsibilities, cravings

What class of drugs do substances like LSD belong to?

Hallucinogens

Truths about suicide

A family history of suicide increases risk for other family members

Experts estimate that many accidents are really suicides

Imitative suicides often occur after highly publicized cases

Rates of suicide among adolescents is on the rise

True or False: Though used more carefully and sparingly than it was in the past, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is may still be used to treat severe depression.

True

How can we distinguish between bipolar and unipolar depression?

Individuals with bipolar cycle between manic and depressive episodes

__________ is a theripuetic approach that focuses on identifying social and relational life stressors that seem to precipitate depression, then teaching the patient to effectively deal with these life stressors (e.g., learning to negotiate a role dispute in a relationship).

Interpersonal psychotherapy

When episodes of depression tend to appear during the winter months, fading during warmer, brighter seasons, an individual may have

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Mathew has been feeling extremely sad and empty for several weeks. He lacks energy and feels constantly fatigued. He often finds himself thinking about death and self harm. Mathew is likely experiencing

a major depressive episode

Most anti-depressant medications function by _____ the availability of _____

Increasing ; serotonin

Lithium, a drug often used to treat bipolar disorder, belongs to the class of substances known as

Mood stabilizers

Which of the following is a risk factor for mood disorders? (Family history, comorbid psychological disorders, stressful life events, all of the above)

All of the above

Patterns of substance use

Experimental (trying it), social (doing it with certain friends), abusive (reliance)

Tolerance

Decreased response to a drug over multiple uses

Withdrawl

Physical symptoms that occur when deprived of a drug

DSM Definition of substance abuse

Larger amounts or more often, cravings, failure to fulfill role obligations, negative social impacts, use exacerbates existing problems, using in hazardous situations

Theories of substance abuse problems

Gateway, common liabilities, developmental cascades, self-medication

Stimulants

Increase CNS activity, elevate mood, increase energy and focus

Depressants

Decrease CNS activity, arousal, and stimulation, therapeutic uses

Stimulant or Depressant: Alcohol

Both depressant and brief stimulatory effects via GABA and norepinephrine

Endogenous opioid

Produced naturally by the body (brain, pituitary gland)

Exogenous opioid

Come from outside the body (prescription pain meds)

abstinence vs harm reduction

Abstinence - Refraining from using, engaging in a behavior

Harm Reduction - Reduce, rather than prevent harm. Condoms, sterile needle exchange, supervised injection sites, naloxone kits.

Aversive treatment

Makes substances unpleasant

Antagonist treatment

Block or counteract effects of substances

Agonist substitution

Replaces the substance with something else that has a similar effect.

5 Stages of Change

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

12 Step Cons

High relapse rates, little flexibility

Gambling disorder

Problematic, recurring gambling behavior

Gaming disorder

Chronic gaming behavior, displaces interest in other activities or relationships

Impulse control disorders

IED (Intermittent Explosive Disorder), Kleptomania, Pyromania

Dysthymia

Persistent depression, but less severe, non-epsiodic

Cataonia

State of immobility and unresponsiveness, increased muscle tone at rest

Peripartum depression

Symptoms of depression or a major depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy, either before or after childbirth

seasonal affective disorder

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Bipolar I

Manic and MDD episodes alternate

Bipolar II

Hypomania (mild mania) and MDD episodes alternate

Cyclothymia

Hypomanic and dysthymic episodes alternate

Stress Diathesis model

genetically predisposed mental health conditions are made worse by stress

Antidepressant classes

Selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring

Interpersonal and Family Psychotherapies

Focus on the family system, deficiency in a vital skill, conflict resolution, grief and loss, changes in roles

Delirium

Disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition developing over a short time

Delirium causes

Drugs and medication, withdrawl, brain injury, stroke, fever, infection

True or False: Because neurocognitive disorders are neurological, psychosocial treatments are ineffective at improving functioning for those affected.

False

Delirium can occur as a result of which of the following? (High fevers, brain injury, intoxication from drugs or poison, all of the above)

All of the above

True or False: Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder typically results from a stroke.

True

What does it mean if you have a gene like Presenilin 1, which is deterministic for Alzheimer's?

You will almost definitely develop the disorder

Margret has recently noticed that she's having a hard time with tasks like paying the bills, focusing at work, and remembering things at the grocery store. She's still able to work and do most activities, but she's beginning to worry that something might be wrong. Margret may be experiencing

a mild neurocognitive disorder.

Carrie comes to the ER confused and disoriented. She cannot sit still to fill out paperwork or even coherently explain what problems she is experiencing. After resting for about a day at the hospital, Carrie seems to have almost completely recovered. She's cheerful, coherent, and collected. Carrie's symptoms seem most consistent with

delirium

True or False: Recent research has begun looking into a vaccine for Alzheimer's disease.

True

Cholinesterase inhibitors, sometimes used to treat Alzheimer's, function by

preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine.

The presence of amyloid plaques is a common feature of which disorder?

Alzheimer's disease

Parkinson's and Lewy body disorder are similar in that both involve the presence of _____________ in the brain.

Lewy bodies