manner of articulation

What are the three dimensions to describe constants

Voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation

What is the manner of articulation

It describes the way the airstream from lungs is blocked or constructed in the production of constants

What are plosives

Voiceless and come in pairs

Produced by completely blocking airflow out of vocal tracts, oral and nasal cavity for a short period of time before a release of air

Airflow is blocked by raising the velum

Once pressure has been built up in oral cavity the blockage is released as a fast jet comes out as a burst

Examples of plosives

P, d, t, k, g

What is a nasal

Produced by blocking airflow out of oral cavity while nasal cavity is open

The blockage of oral cavity is produced by lips, tongue tip or blade or body

When the velum is lowered air comes out nasal cavity

A slight bit of air may come out of both

Examples of nasal sounds

Ng, n, m

What is a fricative

Produced by partially blocking air out of oral cavity

Constriction caused by lower lip, tongue or vocal folds

The partial blockage is called a fricative channel where a small gap is created between articulations and the air flow

Fricative channel is in middle of hard palate

Can be described as hissy sounds

Examples of fricatives

F,v,th, th, s. Z. Sh, s, h

What are africtatives

Where oral and nasal cavity is blocked

Air pressure builds up

Velum is raised

One part plosive second part fricative

Air builds up in oral cavity in first part then released slowly in a fricative channel

Examples of africatives

Ch, j

What are approximates

There are 4 approximate constants

Produced with least amount of blockage

What are central approximants

Where the airflow follows mid line of cavity

What is a lateral approximant

Air flows out sides of oral cavity by lowering sides of tongue and keeping tongue top touching alveolar ridge

Which are liquid approximants

R and L

Which are glides

J, w