Healthcare Caridovascular Test Review

What are the three layers of the heart?

Endocardium, myocardium, and pericaridum

What is the innermost layer of the heart?

Endocardium

What is the middle muscular layer of the heart?

Myocardium

What is the outer layer of the heart?

Pericardium

Which heart layer is responsible for pumping blood?

Myocardium

Through which vessels does blood enter the heart from the body?

The superior and inferior vena cavas

What chamber receives deoxygenated blood first?

Right atrium

What valve does blood pass through after the right atrium?

Tricuspid valve

Into which chamber does blood flow after the tricuspid valve?

Right ventricle

Which valve does blood pass through before entering the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve.

Which vessel carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Pulmonary artery.

What happens in the lungs?

Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the bloo

Which vessels carry oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs?

Pulmonary veins

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Left atrium

What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle

Which valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic valve

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

What blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What blood vessels connect arteries to veins?

Capillaries

What blood vessels carry blood toward the heart?

Veins

What occurs at the capillary beds?

Oxygen leaves the blood and carbon dioxide enter the blood

What are the four valves of the heart?

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), and aortic valves

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve

Which valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta?

Aortic valve

What is coronary circulation?

Blood flow that supplies the heart muscle

What is cardiopulmonary circulation?

Blood flow between the heart and lungs

What is systemic circulation?

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body

What is portal circulation?

Blood flow through the portal venous system before returning to the heart

What is fetal circulation?

Blood circulation in an unborn baby

What pulse site is located in the neck?

Carotid pulse

What pulse site is located in the upper arm

Brachial pulse

What pulse site is located in the groin?

Femoral pulse

What pulse site is on the top of the foot?

Dorsalis pedis pulse.

What pulse site is located behind the ankle?

Posterior tibial pulse

What does the P wave represent?

Atrial contraction

What does the QRS complex represent?

Ventricular contraction

What does the T wave represent?

Repolarization

What is Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)?

A normal heart rhythm

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

An irregular rhythm originating in the atria

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

A life-threatening rhythm where the ventricles quiver instead of pumping effectively

What is bradycardia?

Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

What is tachycardia?

Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute

What does the septum separate?

The right side of the heart from the left side

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

What is the first step in controlling bleeding?

Apply direct pressure

What should be placed over a wound to help control bleeding?

Gauze

What should be applied over the gauze?

A pressure bandage

When should a tourniquet be used?

When severe bleeding cannot be stopped with direct pressure

What information must be recorded when a tourniquet is applied?

The time it was applied

How soon should a patient receive medical attention after a tourniquet is applied?

Within about one hour according to your notes

What should you do if a patient is woozy or sweating?

Get the patient to the ground, elevate the legs, and cover them with a blanket

What type of bleeding is bright red and spurting?

Arterial bleeding

What type of bleeding is dark red and oozing?

Venous bleeding

What percentage of blood is red blood cells?

45%

What percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

What does hemoglobin do?

Carries oxygen in red blood cells

What is erythropoiesis?

The production of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells that fight infection

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells

What is the buffy coat?

The thin layer between plasma and red blood cells containing white blood cells and platelets.

What is the normal adult pulse range?

60-100 bpm.

What is the normal child pulse range?

80-100 bpm

What is the normal infant pulse range?

100-160 bpm.

Name a common symptom of a heart attack.

Chest pain

Name another symptom of a heart attack.

Shortness of breath

Name another symptom of a heart attack.

Sweating

Name another symptom of a heart attack.

Nausea

Name another symptom of a heart attack.

Pain radiating to the arm, jaw, neck, or back.

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart

What do veins do?

Carry blood toward the heart.

What do capillaries do?

Exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes.

What does CVA stand for?

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

What is an aneurysm?

A weakened, bulging area in a blood vessel wall.

What is arteriosclerosis?

Hardening and thickening of the arteries.

What is a TIA?

Transient ischemic attack (mini-stroke).

Which condition is often called a mini-stroke?

TIA

Which condition occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted?

CVA (stroke).

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.

What does the prefix "cardio" mean?

Heart

What does the root "vascul" mean?

Blood vessel.

What is the heart's main role in the cardiovascular system?

To pump blood throughout the body.

Approximately how many liters of blood does a healthy adult contain?

About 5 liters.

What percentage of total blood volume is plasma?

Approximately 55%.

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells.

What is the function of erythrocytes?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells.

What is the function of leukocytes?

To fight infection and aid immune processes.

What are thrombocytes?

Platelets

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What is plasma?

The liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Which heart layer is the actual heart muscle?

Myocardium

Which heart layer is responsible for heart contractions?

Myocardium

What is the innermost layer of the heart called?

Endocardium

What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?

Epicardium