developmental exam 2 (chapter 3,4,5,6)

at what age does hearing peak?

10 years old

when does hearing develop?

the last trimester of pregnancy

what’s the most advanced sense of newborns?

hearing

when do babies begin to hear?

18th week in utero

when do babies recognize the mother’s voice?

35 weeks in utero

least mature sense at birth

sight

binocular vision occurs at what months of an infants life?

months 2-4

smell and taste at birth

function well and rapidly adapt

do infants feel pain?

yes

when do basic motor skills develop?

over the first 2 years of life

at what age can most infants walk by?

one years old

3 things that contribute to walking

muscle strength, brain maturation, practice

fine motor skills are shaped by..

opportunity and culture

emerging skills

grasping a rattle, reaching to hold an object, thumb and finger grasping, stacking blocks, imitating vertical line

implicit memory

evident by 3 months. begin to stabilize by 9 months. lifelong

explicit memory

longer to emerge; language dependent

Rovee-Collier findings

tied infants foot to mobile. if it kicked, mobile would move. next week, she brought them back to see if they would remember. they did but at 2 weeks, they didn’t.

1st hypothesis of Rovee-Collier mobile kicking research findings

hippocampus is making new neurons. new neurons disrupts already stored memories

2nd hypothesis of Rovee-Collier mobile kicking research findings

we use language retrieval cues when older but don’t have that as an infant

3rd hypothesis of Rovee-Collier mobile kicking research findings

infants lack a clear self image. don’t realize that they’re separate from the environment.

piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence

we interact with the world and that’s how we build our knowledge

object permanence

the belief that something still exists even when you can’t see it

object permanence at 18 months

A not B error

object permanence before 8 months

no search for the object

object permanence by 2 years old

full object permanence

violation of expectation (VOE)

research method to test what babies know about the physical world by measuring how long they stare at surprising events

babbling

universal. extended repetition of syllables such as baba

motherese

child directed speech. high-pitched speech, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants

when do infants begin talking?

around one years old

video deficit era

toddlers learn speech/language better in person rather than on video

theory 1 on how we learn to speak

B.F Skinner noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinforced

theory 2 on how we learn to speak

social component fosters infant language

theory 3 on how we learn to speak

infants are born knowing to adapt to learn language

Noam Chomsky

said that there’s something innate that goes into learning language

is # of hours watching TV negatively or positively related to language development?

negatively

kids should not watch TV before what age?

2 years old

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome

most common cause of death related to SIDS

sleeping position

risks of SIDS

low birthweight, gender, winter, exposure to cigarette smoke, bed-sharing, soft blankets, abnormalities in brain stem, heart, mitochondria, and microbiome

best position to put a baby in for sleep

on its back

action related to arousal for babies

sucking

breastfed babies are less likely to..

develop allergies, obesity, asthma, and heart disease

when is formula advised?

medical reasons in unusual cases

moms who breastfeed have..

decreased mental health, decreased hypertension, decreased breast cancer, and decreased ovarian cancer. decreased type 2 diabetes

protein calorie malnutrition

condition in which a person doesn’t consume sufficient food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death

stunting

failure of kids to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

wasting

tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

prevention of malnutrition

stopping malnutrition before it starts—prenatal nutrition, breastfeeding, supplements. educating and supporting mothers

what makes infants cry?

pain, loud noises, fear

related to early emotions that infants express

contraction, pleasant stimuli, and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli

emotion that appears when a child wants to explore but can’t

anger

sadness for infants

indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol. stressful experience for infants.

smiling and laughing for infants

appears at 3-4 months and often emerges with curiosity. social smile appears at 6 weeks. evoked by viewing human faces.

infant emotions

fear, stranger wariness, separation anxiety

fear in infants

emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations

stranger wariness

infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close

separation anxiety

natural. if it continues by age 3, it can become a disorder. tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. can disappear around early toddlerhood.

anger and fear during the toddler age

less frequent and more focused

needed for secondary emotions to develop

adult instruction and self awareness

laughing and crying during toddler stage

become louder and more discriminating

temper tantrums appear

when infants become toddlers

secondary emotions

involve awareness of others; typically family. pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment. appear at the middle of the second year of life

sensitive caregiving

care that’s not hostile or neglectful

emotional self regulation

strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can reach goals

parts of the brain that connects experience

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

effective functioning in the prefrontal cortex

helps tolerate stimulation

factors of emotional self regulation

emerges as a motor and language skills develop, improves rapidly during first few years due to brain development and caregiver support, caregivers teach socially approved ways of expression. end of year 2, vocabulary forms

self awareness

person’s realization that they’re a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

effortful control

your capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response

lewis and brooks classic experiment

babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a red dot had been put on their noses. none of the babies younger than 12 months reacted as if they knew the mark was on them. 15-24 month olds showed self-awareness by touching their noses.

temperament

inborn differences between one person and another in activity, emotions, and self regulation. genetic. most stable after 3 years old.

when is temperament most stable?

after 3 years old.

Thomas and Chess

classified infants into 4 groups based on temperament. followed 141 kids. 40% “easy”. 10% “difficult” and other groups were slow to warm up 15%. fourth group was unclassifiable 35%

3 dimensions of temperament

effortful control, negative mood, and exuberance

effortful control

the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response

what does effortful control predict?

favorable development and adjustment across all cultures

exuberance

how active and outgoing an infant is

goodness of fit

describes a parent who adapts their environment or routine to better fit their childs development

maltreated infants

infants treated poorly affects their development. develop abnormal responses to stress, anger and other emotions. show abnormal responses in the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex

where do maltreated infants show abnormal responses?

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex

synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

synchrony in the first few months

more frequent and elaborate. usually begins with parents imitating infants. helps them learn to read others’ emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction

still face experiment

what happens when you get involved with your baby and is synchronous then stops?

conclusions of stll face experiment

infants brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest

attachment

first named by John Bowlby. lasting emotional bond that one person has with another. Ineffectual tie with a caregiver and begins early in life. influences ones relationships for the rest of their lives.

signs that indicate attachment

contact maintaining and proximity seeking

attachment is classified into 4 types

a,b,c,d

mary ainsworth

study on infant attachment. uses strange situation to look at attachment between caregivers and infants

maru ainsworth findings

60% infants had attachment to parent. 15% not in any category (disorganized disoriented). 15% insecure avoidant. 10% insecure resistant

strange situation happens at what age?

1 and 2 years old

attachment q-sort happens at what age?

1 to 5 years old

attachment q-sort

observational assessment that happens in a home and observes 90 behaviors. more precise measure than strange situation

insights from Romania

late 1980s, thousands of kids were part of international adoption. adopted before 6 months fared best. adopted after 12 months suffered a variety of adverse outcomes

harry harlow experiment outcome

monkey spent 17-18 hours with cloth mother and less than an hour with the wired mother

possible causes of learning and emotional difficulties that adoptees have

genetic predispositions, stress of biological mother, history of conflict-ridden family relationships, adoptive parents and children less alike.

most adoptees fare well if..

they have sensitive parents

how does social referencing help toddlers?

guide actions, evaluate surroundings, and interact with others

factors that influence fathers being more involved than they used to be

nation, income, cohort, ideology, and stress

infant psychosocial development stages by Freud

oral and anal

oral stage by Freud

first year. if you’re stuck in this stage, it sticks with your adult personality (cigarette smoker, sassy attitude, etc)