Lab Exam

Augute

• No uses

• No clevage

Biotite Mica

• make up

• 1 direction of clevage

Calcite

• Anite Acids

• 3 directions of cleavage not at 90 degrees

copper

• luster

• no cleveage

Corundum

• Jewerly

• No cleevage

Galena

• led bullets and batteris

• 3 directions of cleavage at 90 degrees

Gypsum

• cermic drywall

• no cleveage

Hermatite

• Jewelry and steel

• no clevage

Koalinte

• cermics

• no cleavage

Muscovite

Olivine

• Jewery and Iron

• 
  

Plagioclase Feldspar

• Jewerly and Cermics

• two directions of cleavageat 90 degrees

Potassium Feldspar

• false teeth cermics

• 2 directions of cleveagae

Pyrite

• sulfid acid

• no clevage

talc

• baby powder

• no cleavage

latitude linesa are

horritzontal

longiude line are

horrizontal

Cardinal Dirction

N, S, E, W

The lithosphere

is the rigid, solid outer layer of Earth.

What does the lithosphere consits of? (2)

1) The earths crust

2) Upper most mantle

The mantle

the thick layer of Earth found between the crust and the core.

What is the main difference between lithosphere and mantle

Lithosphere-

• rigid and hard

• coolers

• forms tectonic plates

• Outer Layer of Earth

Mantle-

• Hot and sloly flowing

• hot

• helps drive plate motion

• lies benath the earth

What are plate boundaries?

Plate boundaries are the places where two tectonic plates meet.

What are the three main types

1) divergent

2) convergent

3) Transform

Diverent

What haoens during a diveregent boundaires?

• Magma rises from the mantle.

• Magma cools and forms new oceanic crust.

• This process is called seafloor spreading.

• Earthquakes are usually shallow.

Convergent

More on Convergent

• Old oceanic crust is recycled into the mantle.

• Earthquakes can be shallow, intermediate or deep.

• Volcanoes and mountain ranges can form.

Subduction.

process in plate tectonics where the edge of one tectonic plate slides or sinks beneath another plate and descends into the Earth's mantle

Transfrom boundary

More on Transfrom boundary

• Friction causes stress to build up.

• When the stress is released, earthquakes occur.

• Earthquakes are generally shallow.

• Crust is neither created nor destroyed.

Shallow Earthquake

0–70 km and All three types of plate boundaries

Intermideitate

70–300 km and Mainly subduction zones

Deep earthqucks

300–700 km and Subduction zones

Beniof zone

It is found at subduction zones, where one tectonic plate moves beneath another and sinks into the mantle.

oceanic–oceanic convergent boundary

occurs when two oceanic tectonic plates move towardseach other and collide.

O-O froms

Deep ocean trenches

Volcanic island

Beniof zone

Oceanic and Continental

Occurs when an oceanic plate and a continental plate move towards each other and collide.

Oceanic and Continental examples

Earthqucks

Ocean Trenches

Continental- Continental

Two tectonic plates move towards each other

continental-continetal examples

Fold mountains

Plate motion formuala

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Why do earthquakes occur

• Plate Movement

• Friction and Stress

• Energy Buildup

• The Sudden Slip

• Seismic Waves

Where do earthqucks occure?

Along plate boundaires

Mafic Magma

45-52% silca

low visocity

moves fast

not explosive

Intermidete

52%-66%

Sheild Volcano

• Very wide with gentle slopes.

• Formed by runny, low-viscosity mafic magma.

• Usually has gentle, less explosive eruptions.

• Example: Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Composite volcano

• all, steep-sided, cone-shaped volcano.

• Made of alternating layers of lava and ash.

• Often has explosive eruptions.

• Usually contains intermediate magma, although magma composition varies.

• Example: Mount Fuji.

Cinder cone volcano

• Small, steep-sided volcano.

• Made from volcanic ash, cinders and rock fragments.

• Usually forms from short-lived explosive eruptions.

• Example: Parícutin.

Lava dome volcano

• Rounded, steep-sided mound.

• Formed by thick, sticky lava that does not flow very far.

• Can create dangerous explosive activity if pressure builds up.

• Example: Mount St. Helens.

Basalt

• mafic

Andersite

-Intermdiate

Rhyolte

Rhyolite

• Felfic

Grainte

• Felsfic

Gabbo

• Mafic

Diorite

• Intermediate

Scoria

Prumice

Obsidian

Coarse Grained

composed of large particles

Example: Igneous Rocks

Phanertitrc :

an igneous rock texture where the mineral crystals are large enough to be seen and distinguished with the unaided naked eye

Gneisis

• Parent rock granite

• Foliated

Marble

• Parent Rock Limestone

• Non- Foliated

quartize

• Parent Rock - Quartz

• Non- Foliated

Phylite

• Paarent Rock Slate

• Foliated

What actors generate Folication

differential stress, intense heat, and the mineral composition of the original rock.

two different causes of landslides

anthropogenic (human) or natural

how to calculate gradient on a topographic map

vertical distance/horzontal distance

Meander

A bend or curve in the river.

River cliff (cut bank)

The steep outer bank of a meander.

Slip-off slope (point bar)

The gently sloping inner bank.

Floodplain

Flat land on either side of the river.

Erosion with streams

takes place OUTSIDE of the bend and moves fast

deposit

takes place inside and moves slowly

deposition

droping off sediment

flood plan

flat area where water can easily cross on both sides

sinuoristy

how much the river bends

gradient

steepness of the river

sinuosity formula

Sinuosity Index (SI)=Actual Path Length (Channel Length)

---

Shortest Straight-Line Distance (Valley/Euclidean Length)

gradient formula

rise over run

The higher the sediment size means

The higher the engery needed

What channel would all sediment be deposited?

Stream

What channel would bigger sediment be deposited?

Point bar

What channel would small sediment be deposited?

Floodplain and delta

Moutains can cuase what type of floods

flash floods

Lowland cuases what type of floods

flatter and low laying floods

passive margin

the edge of a continent that is NOT an active plate boundary. It’s where theland slowly slopes down intothe ocean, without much earthquake or volcanic activity.

active margin

this is when two tectonic plates meet and interact, they cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.

longshore drift

transportation of land sediment

pebbels transportation

short with high engery

sand transportation

long and low

storm surge

rise of sea water during a storm

Example of a man made stabilization

groin

Groin

manage sediment movement and prevent erosion

Jettie

made of stone, concrete, or wood that extends from the land out into a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or river

• hard

inlet

where the tide goes in and out of the march

poritsy

amunt of pore space

permeability

pathway for waater to exit

permiablity of pepbles

They are sorted well

they are rounded

high permiabilty

great aqurifer

permiablity of sand

-often well sorted

• often rounded

• flat or rounded

• intermediate to high

• good aquifer