Foods & Nutrition's Exam II
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159 Terms
What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
What is the energy value of carbohydrates?
4 kcal per gram
What is the most abundant monosaccharide?
Glucose
What is blood sugar?
Glucose
What is the preferred fuel source for the brain?
Glucose
What is the sweetest monosaccharide?
Fructose
What is sucrose?
Glucose plus fructose also known as table sugar
What is lactose?
Glucose plus galactose also known as milk sugar
What is glycogen?
The storage form of glucose
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and skeletal muscles
What hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
What hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon
What is Type 1 diabetes?
The pancreas produces little or no insulin
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Body cells do not respond properly to insulin
What is ketogenesis?
The formation of ketones in the liver
What are the main functions of fiber?
Lowers cholesterol promotes digestive health and helps prevent constipation
What is the AMDR for fat?
20 to 35 percent of total calories
How many calories does fat provide per gram?
9 kcal per gram
What are saturated fats?
Fats containing only single bonds that are usually solid at room temperature
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats containing one or more double bonds that are usually liquid at room temperature
What is the difference between HDL and LDL?
HDL removes excess cholesterol while LDL delivers cholesterol to cells
Why is HDL called good cholesterol?
It helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
Why is LDL called bad cholesterol?
High levels increase plaque buildup and cardiovascular disease risk
What are omega-3 fatty acids associated with?
A reduced risk of heart disease
What is lipolysis?
The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
What is lipogenesis?
The formation of fatty acids and triglycerides
What is cholesterol used for in the body?
Production of bile acids and steroid hormones
What substance emulsifies fats during digestion?
Bile
What hormone causes the gallbladder to release bile?
CCK
What enzyme digests triglycerides?
Pancreatic lipase
What is the AMDR for protein?
10 to 35 percent of total calories
How many calories does protein provide per gram?
4 kcal per gram
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
What is an essential amino acid?
An amino acid that must come from the diet
What is a nonessential amino acid?
An amino acid the body can make
What is a complete protein?
A protein containing all essential amino acids
What is an incomplete protein?
A protein lacking one or more essential amino acids
What is protein complementation?
Combining incomplete proteins to provide all essential amino acids
What are the three steps of protein synthesis?
Cell signaling transcription and translation
What happens during transcription?
DNA is used to make mRNA
What happens during translation?
Ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins
What is denaturation?
A change in a protein's shape caused by heat acids chemicals enzymes or agitation
Where does protein digestion begin?
The stomach
What hormone stimulates gastric juice secretion?
Gastrin
What is a food allergy?
An immune response to a food protein
What is a food intolerance?
A reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe potentially life threatening allergic reaction
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
How do you calculate protein needs?
Convert pounds to kilograms by dividing by 2.2 then multiply by grams per kilogram recommendation
What is the RDA for protein for healthy adults?
0.8 grams per kilogram per day
What is PEM?
Protein energy malnutrition
What are common symptoms of protein deficiency?
Muscle loss edema fatty liver and impaired body functions
What are complete proteins?
Proteins that contain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
What foods are considered complete proteins?
Meat poultry fish eggs dairy and soy
What are incomplete proteins?
Proteins that lack adequate amounts of one or more essential amino acids
What is a limiting amino acid?
An essential amino acid that is missing or present in low amounts
Why are limiting amino acids important?
They limit the body's ability to build proteins
What is protein complementation?
Combining two incomplete proteins to provide all essential amino acids
What is a common example of protein complementation?
Rice and beans
What is another example of protein complementation?
Corn and beans
What is another example of protein complementation?
Peanut butter and whole wheat bread
What is another example of protein complementation?
Hummus and pita bread
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Cell signaling
What occurs during cell signaling?
The cell receives instructions to make a protein
What is the second step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
What occurs during transcription?
DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
What is the third step of protein synthesis?
Translation
Where does translation occur?
At ribosomes
What is the role of mRNA?
Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes
What is the role of tRNA?
Brings amino acids to ribosomes
What joins amino acids together during translation?
Peptide bonds
Why is protein structure important?
Shape determines function
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The amino acid sequence
What disease is caused by an altered amino acid sequence in hemoglobin?
Sickle cell anemia
What is hemoglobin?
A protein found in red blood cells
What is denaturation?
The unfolding or change in shape of a protein
What can cause proteins to denature?
Heat acid chemicals enzymes or agitation
What is an example of protein denaturation?
Cooking an egg
Where does protein digestion begin?
The stomach
What hormone stimulates gastric juice release?
Gastrin
What do gastric juices do to protein?
Break proteins into smaller polypeptides and amino acids
Where are most amino acids absorbed?
The duodenum of the small intestine
Which hormones stimulate pancreatic secretions during protein digestion?
Secretin and CCK
After absorption where do amino acids travel first?
The liver
What is a food allergy?
An immune response to a food protein
What is a food intolerance?
A nonimmune negative reaction to a food
What are common food allergens?
Eggs milk peanuts soy sesame and wheat
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe potentially life threatening allergic reaction
What are symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Low blood pressure rapid pulse dizziness and narrowed airways
What are the structural functions of proteins?
They help build bones skin teeth and connective tissue
What protein forms connective tissue?
Collagen
What protein is found in hair skin and nails?
Keratin
What proteins act as enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
How do proteins contribute to movement?
They form muscles tendons and ligaments
How do proteins function in transport?
They move substances throughout the body
How do proteins function in communication?
They form hormones such as insulin and glucagon
How do proteins help protect the body?
They form antibodies and structural barriers
How do proteins help regulate fluid balance?
Through osmosis
How do proteins help regulate pH?
By accepting or releasing hydrogen ions