Bio - Test 1

what is natural selection

primary process creating change in organisms

what are the 4 steps to natural selection

1) Variation exists in populations

2) most traits in organisms are heritable

3) more individuals are born than can survive

4) unequal survival and reproduction

what happens because individuals with good traits survive better

the number of individuals with good traits increases with each generation

if you don’t have variation

you don’t have natural selection

what is the only process that is capable of creating new traits

mutations

what is a mutation

change in DNA structure

what are the smallest mutations and what do they do

point mutations and they change the nitrogenous base in a gene

what are the largest mutations and what do that do

they have an extra chromosome or are missing a chromosome

what is the most important mutation from an evolution standpoint

when DNA is copied just prior to meiosis

what does meiosis produce

sperm and eggs

what is a gene

a smaller piece of DNA with a specific function

what are the 2 processes that are happening during the creation of the sperm and eggs

independent assortment and crossing over

if we did have crossing over and independent assortment how many pairs of genetic combinations could we make

4 genetic combinations

because we do have independent assortment and crossing over how many genetic combos can we have

trillions and no two will be the same

what is an example of natural selection

evolution of HIV

what is the anatomy of a virus

capsule made of sugars and protein

water + a few dissolved chemicals

DNA/RNA

Recognition Site

lifecycle of a virus (short answer)

virus floats in the air or water or sits on a surface, if a virus sits on the right type of surface (they are incredibly picky) then it will attach. The virus is able to recognize a cell because of the chemical signature on the recognized cell matches the signature of the host cell. Once attached the cell chews a hole in the host cell and spits in its DNA or RNA. The host cell reads that DNA/RNA and produces new virus inside of the cell. Once full of new virus the host cell pops and releases the virus.

what is the common pattern of viruses and how them come to humans

usally come from an animal and then jumps to a human - like covid19 came from a bat

why is the spread of viruses from wildlife to humans increasing

habitat loss

humans are moving into the wildlifes ecosystems

human population is rapidly growing

climate change

use of wildlife for food, medicine

humans are mobile and quickly move diseases

what does HIV stand for

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

what does HIV do

it is a fairly typical virus and it enters the cells and destroys them

what can HIV enter in

seeman, blood transfusions, dirty used needles

what does HIV make hard to do

it makes it hard for the people that have it to fight off simple viruses and diseases

does HIV use DNA or RNA

it is unique in the fact that it uses RNA

what is the most used classification system and who devloped it

linnaean - devloped by Carl Von Linne in the mid 1700’s

what is a scientific name

a two part name

what does Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Ginger Snaps stand for.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

what are the 4 rules for scientific naming

1) Underlined or Italicized

2) Genus first and species second

3) Capitalize Genus but not Species

4) can abbreviate Genus after 1st use

what is Cladistics or Phylogenetic systematics

it’s a newer system that better reflects the path of evolution but harder to learn and use

primitive

came from the distant past and most simmilar to the ancestor of the group being studied

derived

arose most recently and most differently from the ansestor of the group being studied

population

number of individuals of one species in an area

community

number of individuals of 2 plus species in an area

ecosystem

a particular set of organisms living in an area and interecting with each other and the non living

evolution

change over time

what is micro and macroevolution

micro is small changes macro is big changes

how many times does a gene experience a mutation

once every 10,000

draw the anatomy of a virus

what is genetic drift

genetic drift creates change purly by chance.

what are the two types of speciation

allopatric and hybrid

what is allopatric speciation

this is the most common mechanism of speciation and it is when one large population get seperated into 2 by some geographic barrier.

what happens because of the isolation

no gene flow occurs between the 2 populations

what is gene flow

movement of DNA caused by movement of reproducing individuals

what are come of the ways that two populations diverge from one another

genetic drift, mutation, natural selection, time

what happens is they become seperate for to long

they become so different that they can no longer breed with one another

what does a phylogenetic tree do?

shows the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

what happens if the branch just totally disapears and doesnt go all the way to the present time

that means that the species is extinct

what is a clade on the phylo tree

a group that contains the ancestor of the group and all the descendants