MANA Quiz 4

Natural Capital

The world's stock of natural resources including air, water, soil, minerals, plants, and animals.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The United Nations' 17 global goals designed to create a sustainable future by 2030.

Anthropocene

The current era in which human activity is the dominant influence on Earth's climate and environment.

Planetary Boundaries

The environmental limits within which humanity must operate to avoid damaging Earth's natural systems.

Ecological Footprint

A measure of the land and water needed to supply resources consumed and absorb wastes generated by a population.

Great Acceleration

The rapid increase in human impacts on the environment since industrialization.

Five Major Global Environmental Problems

Climate Change, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Land and Water Resource Scarcity, Marine Ecosystem Threats, Biodiversity Loss

Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Studies environmental impacts throughout a product's entire life.

Extended Product Responsibility

Companies remain responsible for environmental impacts after products are sold

Circular Economy

A system designed to eliminate waste and continuously reuse materials.

Carbon Neutrality

Net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon Offsets

Investments that remove carbon emissions elsewhere

Technology Cooperation

Sharing sustainable technologies between developed and developing nations.

Air Pollution

Primary Law: Clean Air Act (1970)

Water Pollution

Primary Law: Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Primary Law: CERCLA (Superfund)

Clean Air Act of 1970

authorizes the government to regulate air emissions from stationary industrial and mobile sources to protect public health.

The Clean Air Amendments of 1990

Signed by President George H.W Bush on November 15,1990 to overhaul and expand the U.S federal air pollution control.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977

Major federal revisions to the U.S Clean Air Act enacted on August 7 to address widespread state noncompliance.

Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

Stop the ongoing pollution of streams, wells, and inland water bodies

Safe Drinking Water Act

a federal law passed in December 16 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation’s public drinking water

Environmental Justice

The effort to prevent disadvantaged communities from facing disproportionate environmental risks.

Information Disclosure

Government publicly reports pollution information.

Four Regulatory Approaches

Command- and- control regulation, Market-based mechanisms, information disclosure, and civil and criminal enforcement

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and liability Act is a U.S law that gives the government the power to clean up abandoned uncontrolled or hazardous waste sites as well as toxic spills.

Cap- and Trade

Allows businesses to buy and sell permits that entitle the bearer to emit a certain amount of pollution. The government or international agency issues these permits and caps the total amount of pollution that may be produced.

Command-and-Control Regulation

Government sets standards and requires compliance.

Market-Based- Mechanisms

A form of regulation, used in environmental policy, based on the idea that the market is a better control than standards imposed on corporate behavior.

Chief Sustainability Officer (CSO)

Senior executive responsible for sustainability efforts

Sustainability-Driven Organization

Organizations that voluntarily go beyond regulatory requirements to protect the environment and support long-term sustainability

Five reasons Sustainability can Improve business performance

Cost Saving, brand differentiation, technological innovation, reduced regulatory and liability risk, and strategic planning