pharm e2

Thrombomodulin

A protein on cell surfaces that binds thrombin and activates protein C, which inactivates clotting factors V and VIII.

Antithrombin III

A protein that binds thrombin and inactivates several clotting factors; works in conjunction with heparin.

Heparin

An anticoagulant secreted from mast cells that enhances the activity of antithrombin III and inactivates factors XII, XI, X, and IX.

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

A compound that inhibits platelet activation.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

A compound that stimulates platelet activation.

Plasmin

An enzyme that digests fibrin and inactivates factors V, VIII, and XII, leading to clot dissolution.

Fibrin

A protein that forms a mesh to stabilize blood clots.

Platelet activation

The process initiated by collagen exposure, leading to the binding of glycoproteins and the release of TXA2 and ADP.

Aspirin (ASA)

An antiplatelet drug that irreversibly acetylates COX enzymes, inhibiting TXA2 production for the lifespan of platelets.

ADP receptor blockers

Medications that inhibit ADP binding to platelet receptors, limiting platelet activation.

Clopidogrel (Plavix)

An ADP receptor blocker that is a prodrug requiring hepatic activation; used to prevent strokes and myocardial infarctions.

Prasugrel (Effient)

An ADP receptor blocker that is more potent than clopidogrel and also requires hepatic activation.

Ticagrelor (Brilinta)

An active ADP receptor blocker that does not require hepatic activation and has a longer duration of action.

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers

Intravenous medications that prevent fibrinogen from linking platelets, used in acute coronary events.

Unfractionated heparin (UFH)

An anticoagulant that works with antithrombin III to inactivate clotting factors; requires monitoring of aPTT.

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)

A more specific anticoagulant that primarily inhibits factor Xa and does not require routine monitoring.

Warfarin

A vitamin K antagonist that prevents the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors; requires monitoring of INR.

Direct thrombin inhibitors

Medications that directly inhibit thrombin, used in cases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Dabigatran Etexilate (Pradaxa)

An oral direct thrombin inhibitor with no routine monitoring required.

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

An oral factor Xa inhibitor that does not require routine monitoring.

Apixaban (Eliquis)

Another oral factor Xa inhibitor with no routine monitoring needed.

Andexanet Alfa (Andexxa)

A modified factor Xa designed to reverse bleeding caused by factor Xa inhibitors.

Topical corticosteroids

The gold standard for treating atopic dermatitis, with varying potencies based on the area of application.

Benzoyl Peroxide

A topical agent that penetrates the skin and has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes.

Isotretinoin (Accutane)

A systemic retinoid used for severe acne, contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenic effects.

Tamoxifen

An estrogen receptor modulator used in hormone-sensitive breast cancer, with potential side effects including DVT and endometrial cancer.

Imatinib (Gleevec)

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with common side effects of nausea and edema.

Rituximab (Rituxan)

A monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B lymphocytes, used in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Aldesleukin (IL-2)

An immunotherapy that stimulates T cell proliferation and activation, used in certain cancers with significant side effects.

Myelosuppression

A common side effect of chemotherapy that leads to decreased blood cell production, increasing the risk of infection and bleeding.