BIOL 2251 Anatomy and Physiology I Lab Midterm Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated for human anatomy and physiology lab midterm preparation covering the appendicular skeleton, pelvis, histology of tissues, cell organelles, phases of mitosis, skin and bone structure, and axial skeleton.

Glenoid fossa

The socket on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Olecranon process

The prominent structure on the ulna that forms the point of the elbow.

Carpal Mnemonic

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate from lateral to medial, proximal to distal row).

Os Coxae

The hip bone formed by the fusion of three individual bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Acetabulum

The deep socket on the os coxae where the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet to articulate with the head of the femur.

Obturator Foramen

A large opening in the pelvic girdle formed by the ischium and pubis that is closed by a membrane.

Female Pelvis

A pelvic girdle built for childbirth, featuring a wider circular/oval pelvic inlet, more flared iliac bones, a shorter/less curved sacrum, and a pubic arch greater than $90^\text{o}$.

Male Pelvis

A pelvic girdle built for support, featuring a narrower heart-shaped pelvic inlet, more upright iliac bones, a longer/inwardly curved sacrum, and a pubic arch less than $90^\text{o}$.

Medial Malleolus

The inner ankle landmark formed by the distal end of the tibia.

Lateral Malleolus

The outer ankle landmark formed by the distal end of the fibula.

Calcaneus

The heel bone of the foot tarsals.

Talus

The tarsal bone sitting on top of the calcaneus that articulates directly with the tibia.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells with fried-egg-shaped nuclei found in alveoli and capillaries that facilitates diffusion and filtration.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells with round central nuclei found in kidney tubules, glands, and ovary surface for secretion and absorption.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of tall cells with nuclei near the base found in the stomach, intestines, and uterine tubes for absorption and secretion.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of column-like cells where every cell touches the basement membrane, often featuring cilia and goblet cells to move mucus in the trachea.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of cells that flatten toward the surface, providing protection from abrasion in the epidermis, mouth, and esophagus.

Transitional Epithelium

Epithelial tissue with plump, dome-shaped surface cells that flatten when stretched, found lining the urinary bladder and ureters.

Areolar Connective Tissue

A loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers in a gel matrix found under epithelia to cushion organs and hold fluid.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue packed with parallel waves of collagen fibers and dark fibroblast nuclei, forming tendons and ligaments to resist pull in one direction.

Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage with a glassy matrix and chondrocytes inside lacunae, providing support with flexibility in the trachea, nose, and costal cartilage.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue of the heart wall featuring branched fibers, faint striations, central nuclei, and intercalated discs.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary nonstriated muscle with spindle-shaped cells and single central nuclei found in the walls of hollow organs and vessels.

Nucleolus

A dark spot located inside the cell nucleus that manufactures ribosomal RNA and ribosome parts.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membranous network studded with ribosomes that synthesizes proteins intended for export or membrane integration.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Tubular membranous network lacking ribosomes that functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Free Ribosomes

Tiny cytosolic organelles that manufacture proteins designed to stay inside the cell.

Mitochondria

Bean-shaped organelles with inner folds responsible for cellular ATP production.

Golgi Apparatus

A series of stacked flattened membranous sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins.

Centrioles

Paired barrel-shaped structures located near the nucleus that organize the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Interphase

The cell cycle period ($G_1, S, G_2$) where the cell grows, copies DNA, and exhibits grainy uncondensed chromatin within an intact nucleus.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane fades, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align along the equator or metaphase plate of the cell.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis characterized by the reformation of two nuclear membranes, uncoiling of chromosomes, and initiation of cytokinesis.

Stratum Corneum

The uppermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead, keratin-filled cells.

Stratum Basale

The deepest epidermal layer containing active stem cells and pigment-producing melanocytes.

Papillary Layer

The superficial region of the dermis composed of areolar connective tissue with projections called dermal papillae.

Reticular Layer

The deeper, thicker layer of the dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue providing structural strength.

Sebaceous Gland

An exocrine gland situated in the dermis that opens into hair follicles to secrete sebum (oil).

Arrector Pili

A smooth muscle band in the dermis attached to hair follicles that contracts to pull hair upright, causing goosebumps.

Osteon

The structural cylinder unit of compact bone tissue consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell residing inside a lacuna that maintains the surrounding bone matrix.

Haversian Canal

The central longitudinal channel passing through the middle of an osteon containing blood vessels and nerves.

Volkmann Canal

A transverse perforating canal that connects adjacent Haversian canals and links them to the periosteum.

Sharpey's Fibers

Collagen projections extending from the periosteum into the bone matrix to firmly anchor the periosteum.

Sphenoid Bone

A bat-shaped cranial keystone bone containing the sella turcica.

Ethmoid Bone

A cranial bone featuring the cribriform plate with olfactory foramina and forming parts of the nasal septum.

Sella Turcica

A saddle-like depression located on the sphenoid bone that houses and protects the pituitary gland.

Cribriform Plate

A horizontal plate on the ethmoid bone perforated with olfactory foramina for nerve passage.

Foramen Magnum

The large opening at the base of the occipital bone allowing passage of the spinal cord.

Hyoid Bone

A U-shaped bone in the neck that serves as an attachment point for muscles and does not articulate with any other bone.

Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra, characterized by a ring shape without a body or spinous process, supporting the skull.

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra, distinguished by the vertical dens (odontoid process) allowing head rotation.

Dens

An upward projection on the axis (C2), also called the odontoid process, that forms a pivot point for the atlas.

Sternum

The anterior bone of the thorax consisting of three regions: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

True Ribs

Rib pairs 1 through 7 that attach directly to the sternum via their own individual costal cartilages.

False Ribs

Rib pairs 8 through 10 whose costal cartilage merges with the cartilage of rib 7 rather than connecting directly to the sternum.

Floating Ribs

Rib pairs 11 and 12 that possess no anterior attachment to the sternum or adjacent costal cartilage.