PART OF CHAP14 MICROBIO

In antimicrobial history, what is the term for the ancient recognition of plants like ginger, garlic, and turmeric having medicinal properties?

Antimicrobial properties

In the early 1900s, what was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent discovered by Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata to treat syphilis?

Salvarsan (Compound 606)

In 1928, what was the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from a mold contamination in a bacterial culture?

Penicillin

Which 1930s discovery is recognized as the first synthetic antimicrobial created, specifically serving as the active breakdown product of Prontosil?

Sulfanilamide

In the 1940s, what technique did Dorothy Hodgkin use to determine the structure of penicillin, enabling the development of semisynthetic versions?

X-ray crystallography

Following the discovery of penicillin, which researcher’s team identified several new antimicrobials like streptomycin produced by soil microorganisms?

Selman Waksman

In medical practice, what is the general term for any chemical agent used for therapeutic purposes, regardless of whether it is natural or synthetic?

chemotherapeutic agent (or drug)

Which specific term refers to a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that can inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms?

antibiotic

In antimicrobial therapy, what is the term for a drug's ability to harm the target microbe without damaging the human host?

selective toxicity

In pharmacological calculations, what is the ratio of the maximum tolerable dose per kilogram to the minimum curative dose per kilogram?

chemotherapeutic index

Which classification describes an antimicrobial that targets a wide variety of bacterial pathogens, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species?

broad spectrum

Which classification describes an antimicrobial drug that targets only a specific subset of bacterial pathogens rather than a wide variety?

narrow spectrum

When using an E-test to determine antibiotic effectiveness, where on the strip is the MIC value specifically read?

The periphery of the clear zone

Antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity by targeting which six major bacterial structures or processes?

Cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, RNA, protein synthesis, and metabolism

In the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, what is the term for the process where bacteria use specialized proteins to actively pump drugs out of the cell?

efflux pumps

How do bacteria typically achieve "blocked penetration" to prevent an antibiotic from reaching its intracellular target?

Altering porins in the outer membrane

In which resistance mechanism does a microbe produce a massive amount of a target enzyme to ensure enough remains antimicrobial-free to carry out necessary reactions?

target overproduction

What resistance strategy involves a microbe developing a new metabolic pathway that circumvents the need for a specific enzyme inhibited by the antibiotic?

enzymatic bypass

Which specific "dummy target" compound is used to bind and inactivate beta-lactamases, thereby restoring the effectiveness of penicillin-resistant bacteria?

clavulanic acid

On the influenza virus, which protein is responsible for binding to host membrane receptors to initiate entry into the cell via phagocytosis?

Hemagglutinin

Which influenza virus enzyme is responsible for cleaving sialic acid to allow newly formed virus particles to escape from an infected host cell?

Neuraminidase

Which antiviral drug prevents the influenza virus from uncoating and releasing its genome by changing the pH of the phagolysosome?

Amantadine

Which antiviral medication is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that works by causing the termination of the viral DNA chain?

Zidovudine

Which antiviral agent serves as a guanosine analogue that inhibits viral DNA polymerase to cause chain termination?

Acyclovir

What class of HIV medications, including Nelfinavir and Lopinavir, specifically targets the enzyme responsible for processing viral proteins?

Protease inhibitors

Which HIV entry inhibitor blocks the viral envelope protein gp120 from binding to the host receptor CCR5?

maraviroc

Which class of antifungal agents, including nystatin and amphotericin B, works by directly disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane?

polyenes

Which two classes of antifungal drugs (e.g., imidazoles and terbinafine) exert their effect by interfering with the synthesis of ergosterol?

Azoles and Allylamines

Which class of antifungal drugs, such as caspofungin, is designed to block the synthesis of the fungal cell wall?

Echinocandins

Which toxic antiprotozoan drug is used to treat giardiasis and Trichomonas infections by causing direct breakage of microbial DNA?

Metronidazole

In the treatment of malaria, how do drugs like chloroquinine and primaquine exert their toxic effect on the parasite within red blood cells?

Increase accumulation of iron radicals

Which anti-helminthic agent targets tapeworms by blocking the electron transport chain (ETC) and preventing the generation of ATP?

Niclosamide

Which anti-helminthic drug leads to the paralysis of helminths by increasing the inflow of chloride ions and reducing cell polarity in neuronal cells?

Ivermectin