Functional Groups Graphic Organizer

Vocabulary flashcards covering the structures, compound names, characteristics, and examples of key functional groups from the graphic organizer.

Hydroxyl group

A functional group with the formula $-OH$ or $R-OH$ that forms alcohols (e.g., Ethanol). It is polar, hydrophilic, and forms hydrogen bonds.

Carbonyl group

A functional group with the structure $R-C=O$ that is polar, reactive, and forms hydrogen bonds. It forms ketones when located within a carbon chain and aldehydes when located at the end of a carbon chain.

Ketone

A carbonyl compound where the carbonyl group ($R-C=O$) is located within the carbon chain. An example is Acetone.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl compound where the carbonyl group ($R-C=O$) is located at the end of a carbon chain. An example is Formaldehyde.

Carboxyl group

A functional group with the formula $-COOH$ or $R-COOH$ that forms carboxylic acids (e.g., Acetic acid). It is polar, acidic, hydrophilic, forms hydrogen bonds, and donates $H^+$ (pH).

Amino group

A functional group with the formula $-NH_2$ or $R-NH_2$ that forms amines (e.g., Glycine (AA)). It is polar, basic, and forms hydrogen bonds.

Sulfhydryl group

A functional group with the formula $-SH$ or $R-SH$ that forms thiols (e.g., Cystenine (AA)). It is polar and forms disulfide bonds ($S-S$).

Phosphate group

A functional group with the formula $-PO_4$ or $R-PO_4$ that forms phosphate esters (e.g., ATP (adenosine triphosphate)). It is polar, acidic, and negatively charged.

Methyl group

A functional group with the formula $-CH_3$ or $R-CH_3$ that forms alkanes (e.g., Methane). It is nonpolar and hydrophobic.