Psych Concepts Exam 2

Beta waves

are brainwave patterns that occur during active, alert states of consciousness, typically associated with problem solving and decision making. They have a frequency range of about 13 to 30 Hz.

alpha waves

are brainwave patterns that occur during relaxed, calm states of consciousness, often linked to meditation and light sleep. They have a frequency range of about 8 to 12 Hz.

NRem waves

brain patterns opbserved when sleeping, these waves are bigger and more slower.

Sleep cycle

An average sleep is 90 minutes long

Primary reinforcer

In operant conditioning, a naturally occurring, unlearned stimulus that satisfies a basic biological survival need

Secondary Reinforcer

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that strengthens a behavior after it has been learned and associated with a primary reinforcer.

Escape Learning

a form of operant conditioning where an organism learns to perform a behavior that terminates an ongoing, unpleasant, or aversive stimulus

Avoidance learning

a behavioral process where an individual learns to perform an action to prevent a forthcoming unpleasant or aversive stimulus before it happens

intrinsic motivation

the inner drive to do an activity for its own sake rather than for an external reward or pressure

extrinsic motivation

a drive to act that comes from outside yourself, such as money, grades, praise, or the desire to avoid punishment

Spontaneous recovery

the sudden, unexpected re-emergence of a previously extinguished learned behavior or conditioned response after a rest period.

state of awareness/consciousness: Waking State

The normal state of being awake and alert.

state of awareness/consciousness: Dream State

The state of sleep where mental imagery and dreams occur.

state of awareness/consciousness:Deep Sleep State

The restorative phase of sleep without active dreaming.

how does sleep change as we age?

as we get older we sleep less and less

Why do we sleep?

human evolution, restore and repair, strengthen neural connections, promote creatvie thinking, growth hormones

Three kinds of insomnia

cant sleep, cant stay asleep, waking up early

How to fix insomnia

if you cant sleep dont try to, no caffeine, adjust cycle to the actual amount of sleep you get, routine

Hypnosis Therores

hypnosis anesthesia, post hypontic suggestions, hypnosis may wokr becuase of divided consiouness and roleplaying

Dream Theory: Freuds wish fullfilment

Argued that dreams are a "royal road" to the unconscious, expressing repressed wishes through manifest (surface) and latent (hidden) content. [1, 2]

Dream theory: Info processing

proposes that dreaming helps the brain sort, consolidate, and process daily data

Dream Theory: physiological function

the biological and neurobiological roles that dreaming and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep serve in the body.

Dream theory: activation synthesis

a neurobiological model of dreaming proposed by psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977. It suggests that dreams are not hidden windows into the unconscious mind (as Sigmund Freud argued), but rather the cerebral cortex’s attempt to make sense of random neural signals generated in the brainstem during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. [1, 2, 3]

Dream theory: cognitive development

view dreams as extensions of waking thought and mental maturation rather than repressed Freudian wishes or random brain stem static

The three parts of memory

input (encoding), storage (short/long term), output (retreival)

Curve of frogetting

Rapid at first than more slowly like a rollercoaster (retnetion percent by time)

Recall Vs Recognition

recognition is easier than recall, its easier to recognize a face than to recall a name.

SQR3

survey, question, read, retrieve, review