catheter

kidneys located

located in the posterior abdominal wall

Nephrons how amny and form what

about 1 million per kidney; they form urine.

whats part of the nephron

• Glomerulus: a network of blood vessels.

• Bowman capsule: surrounds the glomerulus; urine formation begins here.

• Proximal convoluted tubules

• Loop of Henle

• Distal tubule

• Collecting duct

flow order of the nephron

glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

Ureters serve as, what muscle, contain what

• Smooth muscle.

• Serve as the passageway for urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder.

  • Contain valves that prevent reflux of urine from the bladder to the kidney

Bladder what muscle, located where in men and women

• Smooth muscle.

• In front of the uterus and vagina in women.

  • In front of the rectum and above the prostate in men

Urethra exit pathway for what, women vs men, what is made of what

• Exit pathway for urine.

• Women: 1–2 inches. Men: 8 inches.

  • The external sphincter is made of muscle that relaxes to release urin

function of urinary tract

forming urine and excreting it

urine formation - regulates what, selectively retains what and filtration begins where

• Regulates the volume and composition of the body’s extracellular fluid.

• Selectively retains wanted water and other substances while excreting unwanted water and other substances in urine.

• Filtration begins at the glomerulus. Renal arteries bring blood flow to the glomerulus of each nephron. Fluid filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman capsule is called the glomerular filtrate.

• The tubule actively and passively reabsorbs substances the body wants to retain: water, glucose, amino acids, potassium, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. The tubules reabsorb 99% of the glomerular filtrate; the remaining 1% is unabsorbed and forms urine.

  • The tubules secrete some substances to rid them from the body: hydrogen and potassium ions, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid and other metabolites.

urine excretion occurs when, involves what, adults need a minimum of

Occurs when 250–400 mL of urine stretches/distends the bladder muscle.

• Involves sacral spinal cord involvement; it is an involuntary reflex.

  • Adults need a minimum of 30 mL/hour of output.

characteristics of urine/urinalysis:

• Items assessed: volume, color, clarity, odor.

• Urine pH: 4.6–8

• Specific gravity: 1.010–1.025

• Protein, glucose, and ketone bodies

• Red and white blood cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria

• Refer to Craven Table 34-3.

  • Color chart on the slide (pale yellow to dark brown): the lightest three shades = hydrated; the middle three = dehydrated; the darkest two = extremely dehydrated (consult a doctor).

what are factors affecting urinary elimination and explain patho behind each

Fluid intake - Increased intake causes increased urine output.

• Volume is hormonally controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone), secreted by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary in the brain.

Loss of body fluid -

• With large volume loss, the kidneys increase reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate to maintain proper osmolarity of the ECF.

• Causes of fluid loss: vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diaphoresis (sweating), excessive wound drainage, extensive burns or blood loss.