Chapter One: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

the structure of the body parts and how they are organized

Physiology

how body parts work

Pathophysiology

changes related to diseases, injuries, or body processes resulting in diseases

Gross anatomy (macroscopic)

large structures seen without a microscope

Regional anatomy

structures in an area examined all at once

Systemic anatomy

each body system

Surface anatomy

internal structures related to overlying skin

Microscopic anatomy

small structures that require a microscope to be seen

Cytology

study of body cells

Histology

study of body tissues

Developmental anatomy

structural changes in anatomy throughout life span

Embryology

study of developmental changes before birth

Pathological anatomy

disease and the resulting structural changes

Radiographic anatomy

internal structures via x-rays, MRI, CT scans

Molecular anatomy

structure of biological molecules

Boundaries

separates internal and external environments

Contractility

allows for the movement of body parts, moving skeletal muscle voluntarily and cardiac and smooth muscle involuntarily

Responsiveness

response to environmental changes

Digestion

breaks down foods into more easily absorbed molecules

Metabolism

chemical reactions in body cells

Catabolism

breaks down larger molecules to release energy

Anabolism

body uses energy to build complex molecules

Cellular Respiration

converts nutrients into usable energy for the body (ATP)

Excretion

removal of waste from the body

Reproduction

cell division for growth/repair or the production of offspring

Growth

increase in size of organism or body parts

Survival

requires nutrients, water, oxygen pressure, heat

Nutrients

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals

Water

one half of the body is the amount in .oz you should be drinking, is required for metabolic processes, and is the most abundant chemical

Oxygen

drives metabolic processes by releasing energy and is required by all nutrients

Atmospheric pressure

essential for breathing and gas exchange

Body temperature

measures heat as energy, 98.6 F or 37 C is considered normal

Homeostasis

stable internal body environment needed for survival

Homeostatic mechanisms

regulates the body through negative or positive feedback

Autoregulation/Intrinsic regulation

adjustment of the body from a change in environment

Extrinsic regulation

related to nervous or endocrine system activity

Homeostatic mechanism

stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, response

Receptors

monitor internal environment

Control center

determines the body's set point

Set point

range/level maintained

Effectors

allow control center to respond

Negative feedback

prevents overcorrection of deviations and is essential for balancing body chemistry

Positive Feedback

responses to original stimuli through adding something and accelerates responses

Homeostatic Imbalance

causes most diseases

Dorsal cavity

protects brain and spinal cord aka the central nervous system

Ventral cavity

contains most organs, divided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by the diaphragm

Mediastinum

contains heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland

Abdominal cavity

contains stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, most intestines, kidneys, other organs

Pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands

Skin

acts as a boundary, helps regulate body temp, has sensory receptors, manufactures substances

Skeletal system

supports and protects the soft tissues, helps the body move, bones are held to other bones through ligaments, bones are held to cartilages and muscles through tendons

Muscular System

body parts move through contractions, maintaining posture and body heat, works with the skeletal system

Concentric contractions

muscles contract, getting shorter

Eccentric contractions

muscles lengthen

Nervous system

coordinates and controls body function with the endocrine system, maintains homeostasis, consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Neurons

units of nervous system, conduct impulses, communication between neurons

Endocrine system

glands secrete hormones affecting specific target cells

Cardiovascular system

consist of heart and blood vessels

Arteries

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, transport oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes

Capillaries

smallest, generated by need

Veins

carries blood back to the heart de-oxygenated

Lungs

exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen

Oxygenated blood

pumped to body tissues

Lymphatic system

carries excessive fluid from interstitial tissues and involved with the immune system, assists cardiovascular system

Lymphocytes

produce antibodies and immunity

Digestive System

functions include digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion

Thoracic respiratory system

provides oxygen for the body and remove CO2

Urinary system

regulates body fluids and electrolytes, removal of waster, acid-base balance

Kidneys

filter waste from blood and maintain electrolyte concentrations

Urine

stored in the urinary bladder and carried outside of the body by urethra

Anatomic planes

positions of parts of the body

Coronal (frontal) plane

anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal

lengthwise right and left portions

Transverse (horizontal)

superior and inferior portions

Anatomical position

body standing erect, facing forward, arms held to the side, palms facing forward

Inferior

below

Superior

above

Lateral

towards the side

Anterior (ventral)

towards front

Posterior (dorsal)

towards back

Bilateral

paired structures

Distal

further from point of attachment to trunk

Proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

Deep

more internal

Superficial

more external

Contralateral

structures on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral

structures on the same side of body

Medial

imaginary midline of body

Abdominal

between thorax and pelvis

Antebrachial

forearm

Axillary

armpit

Buccal

cheek

Carpal

wrist

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck

Costal

ribs

Coxal

hip

Crural

leg

Digital

finger or toe