Butcher quiz 4

cardiovascular system forms the? it contains?

circulatory system

• blood

• heart system

• vascular (blood vessels- circulatory network)

  • includes lymph system

some function of cardiovascular system

• substrate delivery

• waste removal

• gas exchange

• endocrine signaling

• immune response

• thermoregulation

why is CV important?

• essential for maintenance of life

  • you have 4 min before irreversible damage occurs aka golden window

  • can damage other organs

diagnostic assessments of CV function

• heart assessment (heart rate, rhythm, sound/murmurs, BP)

  • radiography, echocardiography, electrocardiography

• Circulatory assessment: Respiratory rate/effort, capillary refill time (CRT), mucous membrane color, presence of edema, exercise intolerance

• Blood tests: Troponin 1, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), NT-proBNP, and pH

• Advanced imaging: CT or MRI

use a combination to inform CV function

pathology: primary vs secondary

• primary: direct problem with CV system

  • ex. hemorrhage, congenital malformations, chagas disease, equine arrhythmias

• secondary: effect of CV system as a side issue to main problem (similar to a symptom ig, it causes CV issues)

  • liver disease, renal, vomiting, diarrhea

key portion of homeostasis?

• maintenance of a constant fluid volume

what do the components include in body fluid

• solvent water and solutes (including Na, glucose, proteins, Ca)

what are the most important factors in regards to solute regulation

• total concentration of all solutes (determines osmotic p.)

• conc. of ind. solutes

• total fluid volume

components of body fluid, which are negligible

• extracellular fluid (fluid outside of cell)

  • eg. plasma (in vasculature), interstitial fluid ( outside vasculature), transcellular fluid (negligible, synovial-joints, peritoneal-intestines, intrapleural-lungs, pericardial)

  • also lymph fluid (also negligible)

• intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)

fluid balance is dependent on?

• age (increase in age cause decrease in fluid, associated with increase in % fat), sex, obesity

• when talking abt avg. just know that variations exist and are dependent on those 3

60-40-20 rule

osmole

• expression of solution in terms of number of particle

• usually place grams with osmole

  • 1g MW substance=1 osmole

  • 180 g glucose= 1 osmole

  • 
    

osmolality vs. osmolarity

• osmoles per kg of water

• osmoles per liter of solution

• can use inteachably

in ECF what makes 80% of osmolarity

• Na and Cl

ICF: what makes total osmolarity

50% K

all similar bc of osmolarity

(The correction factor (using osmotic coefficient) is because some ions do not behave completely independently of each other (like NaCl)

Pressure differences:

• considerable differences in pressure between sides of a semi-permeable membrane

• measured by summing all of the forces striking a unit SA at a given instant

most abundant substance that diffuses through the cell?

• water

• water follows particles

in rbc how fast does water diffuse?

• water diffuses through the membrane at a rate of 100x the volume of the cell itself, and yet the cell doesn’t swell

Osmotic pressure is exerted by?

• particles in a solution, molecules or ions, and is determined by the NUMBER of particles per unit of fluid (NOT the mass)

• larger particles have higher mass= slower velocity a

  • and vise versa

But, in some cases, a concentration difference for water develops across a membrane so NET movement of water does occur, causing the cell to

swell or shrink

what drives blood out?

Hydrostatic pressure drives blood OUT of the capillaries and into interstitial fluid

ICF constitutes _____% of total body weight

40%

ICF contains

• individual mixture of different constituents based on each cell

  • the concentrations of these substances are similar from one cell to another.

    • The composition of cell fluids remains remarkably similar across animals ranging from micro-organisms to human

• higher K, P, Mg, Na, Cl, Ca, bicarbonate, 4x amount of protein as ECF

ICF is separated from ECF by?

cell membrane that is highly permeable to water

ECF regulation

by kidneys

• because the cells need to be “bathed” or surrounded by a proper concentration of electrolytes and nutrients for optimal cell function

Inputs to internal pool: Only way to get something inside body

• Input from the external environment like ingestion, inhalation, absorption through body surface (gills) or injection

internal pool

• (extracellular concentration) of a substance

decreasing internal pool?

• loss via removal or metabolic consumption.

Increasing internal pool

• means increase input or metabolically producing it.

For stability of pool?

• input = output (balance)

outputs from internal pool

• Excretion to external environment like kidneys, lungs, digestive tract, or body surface (sweat, tears, sloughed skin)

components of blood

• 55% plasma (water, proteins, electrolytes, dissolved gas, nutrients, waste, hormones) and 45% RBC

• aka 60-40

• vary via size, sex, weight etc

hematocrit: def? normal?

• packed rbc cell volume

• fraction of blood composed of RBC

• normal is 0.37-0.55

blood volume

• contain ECF (plasma) and ICF

• Generally considered apart from body as it is contained within it’s own chamber (circulatory system)

• crucial to CV

avg blood volume

• 5-8% of BW

What the 3 primary body fluid compartments?

• ICF

• ECF (plasma and interstitial, also transcellular and lymph but they have negligible volumes)

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

60% BW, 40% ICF, 20% ECF

Blood has a high % of water?

T

• What are the cations and anions prevalent in the ICF?

• K, Mg, phosphates, proteins

What is not able to move between the ECF compartments?

• Proteins

What is hematocrit?

• Packed red blood cell volume

muscles composition? function?

• composition: myofilaments

• function: movement and maintenance of the position

shortening m. vs lengthen m.

• shorten: contract

• lengthen: relax

types of m.

cardiac, skeletal, smooth