Mathematical Models and Least Squares Analysis

Least Squares Solution

Orthogonal Subspace

Orthogonal Complement

Theorem 1 (Properties of Orthogonal Complements)

Theorem 2 (Projection onto a Subspace)

Theorem 3 (Orthogonal Projection and Distance)

Four Fundamental Subspaces of a Matrix

Theorem 4 (Fundamental Subspaces of a Matrix)