Blood

Plasma

• Liquid portion of blood.

• Straw-colored, sticky fluid made mostly of water.

• Contains dissolved proteins, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, gases, and waste

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells, transport oxygen using hemoglobin, make up the hematocrit, the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells, help defend the body against pathogens and other threats, develop from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.q

Thrombocytes

Platelets, small cell fragments involved in hemostasis and blood clotting

Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF)

blood cell growth regulatory factor, stimulates growth, division, and maturation of white blood cells, supports leukopoiesis

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

blood cell growth regulatory factor, regulates growth and maturation of megakaryocytic, which produce platelets

Erythropoietin (EPO)

blood cell growth regulatory factor, stimulates red blood cell production, increased by hypoxia, or low oxygen availability

hemoglobin

the protein that binds and carries oxygen.

Iron

The … in heme allows hemoglobin to bind oxygen

Globins

Hemoglobin contains protein chains called … and iron-containing heme groups.

Isotonic Solution

Water enters and leaves at equal rates, RBCs generally maintain their normal state

Hypotonic Solution

Water enters the RBC, it swells and may burst, a process called hemolysis

Hypertonic Solution

Water leaves the RBC, It shrinks and becomes crenated

Iron Homeostasis

regulating how much iron the body absorbs, transports, stores, and releases

DMT-1

Transports divalent iron into cells

Ferroportin

Helps iron leave cells and enter circulation

Transferrin

Binds and transports iron through the blood

Ferritin

Stores iron, particularly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Hepcidin

Peptide hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron uptake and release

heme and globin

when red blood cells are destroyed hemoglobin is separated into

stored or reused

when red blood cells are destroyed iron is recovered and .. to make new hemoglobin

Amino Acids

when red blood cells are destroyed global is broken down into … that return to circulation

Bilirubin

when red blood cells are destroyed heme is degraded into … a yellow pigment

Bile

when red blood cells are destroyed the liver processes bilirubin and secretes it into …

Stercobilin

when red blood cells are destroyed bilirubin products are processed in the intestine, most leave the body in feces as stercobilin.

Jaundice

yellowing of the skin and eyes associated with elevated bilirubin

Nutrients needed to produce RBCs

Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron

Megakaryocytes

Platelets are produced from large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

Hemostasis Stage 1

Vascular Spaces (Vasoconstriction): The damaged blood vessel constricts, reducing blood flow and blood loss

Hemostasis Stage 2

Platelet Plug Formation: Damage exposes collagen beneath the vessel lining, platelets adhere to the exposed area, activated platelets release chemical signals that recruit more platelets, platelets aggregate to form a temporary plug.

Hemostasis Stage 3

Coagulation: A cascade of reactions produces thrombin, Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, fibrin forms a mesh that reinforces the platelet plug into a more stable clot.

Platelet Adhesion

Platelets attach to exposed collagen or the damaged vessel area

Platelet Aggregation

Platelets attach to one another to build the platelet plug

Fibrinolysis

After the damaged vessel has been repaired, the body breaks down the clot through

Plasmin

the enzyme that breaks down fibrin

Prostacyclin

inhibits platelet aggregation and helps prevent unnecessary clot formation in intact blood vessels

Anticoagulants

reduce or inhibit the coagulation process