BIO Lab 6 - 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 (synovial joints, range of motion, knee joint, shoulder joint)

synovial joints

freely movable joints (diarthrosis)

joint cavity

the space between two connecting bones

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

joint capsule

fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

Protein fibers arranged in a randomly oriented network which provides strength and structural reinforcement for the joint

synovial membrane

connective and epithelial tissue, lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

synovial fluid

viscous, joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

what are the functions of synovial fluid

fills the join cavity, reduces friction, exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and wastes with the cells of articular cartilage

ligaments

attach bone to bone

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

A type of connective tissue proper that contains collagen fibers arranged in regular bundles; found in locations such as tendons.

extrinsic ligaments

external to joint capsule

intrinscic ligaments

embedded inside the joint capsule

articular discs

Another term for menisci (singular = meniscus), the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint, prevent dislocation

tendons

surround synovial joints, made up of dense regular collagenous connective tissue, attach muscle to bone

bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another, located between joints, reduces friction

tendon sheaths

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

inflammation of bursa

bursitis

joint capsule

what is this?

joint cavity

what is this?

synovial membrane

what is this?

synovial fluid

what is this?

extrinisc and intrinsic

what are each of these ligaments?

articular discs, menisci

what is this?

tendon sheath

what is this?

the range of motion of a synovial joint is described in terms of an invisible ___________

axis

synovial joint movements are classified according to the ____________

number of planes of motion in which the bones can move

nonaxial joints

allow motion to occur in one or more planes but do not move around an axis, simply glide past eachother

uniaxial joints

only permits flexion and extension, hinge, pivot

biaxial joints

allow motion around two axes, flexion extension and abduction adduction

multiaxial joints

greatest range of motion, shoulder, hip

plane/gliding joint

both surfaces of the articulating bones are either flat or slightly concave and convex

condylar joint

one articular bone has an oval convexed surface that fits into a similarly shaped depression on the other bone, outward curve sliding on a depression that matches its shape

saddle joint

both articulating bones have saddle like surfaces that concave in one direction and convex in the other

hinge joint

one surface of the articulating bone is convexed and the others is concave

pivot joint

bone spins or rotates in a longitudional axis. the moving bone rotates within a ligament and the bone it is articulating with

ball and socket joint

one bone has a smooth hemispherical surface that fits into a cuplike socket, only found in the shoulder and hip joints

what is the knee bone made up of

medial and lateral femoral condyles and the tibial plateau

how is the knee joint stabilized

two extrinsic ligaments (tibial and fibular collateral ligaments) and two intrinsic ligaments (anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments)

cruciate ligaments

controls the front and back movement of the knee joint, secures from any unwanted movement, means shaped like a cross

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

extends from the anterior tibial plateau to the posterior part of the lateral femoral condyle, prevent hyperextension of the knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

extends from the posterior tibial plateau to the anterior part of the medial femoral condyle, it crosses under the ACL to form an X, PCL prevents posterior displacement of the tibia bone on the femur bone

collateral ligaments

controls the side to side movement of the knee joint and secures it from any unwanted movements, collateral means they are found on the sides of the joint.

tibial collateral ligament

medial collateral ligament (MCL), extends from the medial tibia bone to the medial femur bone, resists stresses that pull the tibia bone laterally on the femur bone

fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

lateral collateral ligament extends from the lateral fibular bone to the lateral femur bone, resists stresses that pull the tibia bone medially on the femur bone

medial and lateral menisci

half-moon shaped articular discs are located on the outer edges of the tibial plateau and they improve the fit of the tibia and femur bones, the tibial collateral ligament attaches to the medial meniscus

suprapatellar, deep infrapatellar, subcutaneous prepattelar bursae

concentrated around the patella bone, bone generates a great deal of friction over the femur bone during motion, they can become inflamed as a result of repetitive activities

what kind of joint it the glenohumeral joint?

multiaxial ball and socked joint that consists of the humeral head and glenoid cavity

glenoid labrum

fibrocartilaginous ring along the rim of the glenoid cavity that improves the fit of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity

3 glenohumeral ligaments

reinforces the anterior join capsule, they are weak and sometimes absent

coracohumeral ligament

located in the anterior articular capsule between the greater tubercle and coracoid process

coracoacrmial ligament

located between the coracoid process and acromion

transverse humeral ligament

extends between the greater and lesser tubercles which forms a tunnel that houses one of the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle

biceps brachii tendon

- stabilizing force found in the anterior arm

- passes through the articular capsule of the shoulder joint on its way to its attachment point on the scapula

-also a tendon sheath wrapped around one of its tendons

rotator cuff

a major stabilizing force of the shoulder joint, 3 posterior supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, 1 anterior subscapularis,

subacromial bursa

one of the largest bursae located just below the acromion

subscapular bursa

bursa that prevents rubbing of the subscapularis muscle tendon against the scapula