Exam #2 in History

Piracy, Witchcraft, & Enlightenment

pirate

any captain who doesn’t obtain permission to combat enemies

any captain or crew who doesn’t return to port w/ their total plunder & pay appropriate fees

unauthorized maritime robber

privateer

men operating under letters of marque

letters of marque

allowed captains to attack enemy shipping in times of war

reprisals

private warfare during times of peace

anne bonny

joined rackham’s pirate crew

malleus maleficarum

1487

“hammer of the witches”

witch hunting manual

tituba

carribean slave, who confessed that she was practicing witch things

scientific revolution

marked the emergence of modern science

posed new types of questions

relying on methods rather than authority

precise measurements

Nicolaus Copernicus

polished cleric

devout Catholic

attempts to resolve Roman calendar (heliocentric solar system)

enlightenment

intellectual and philosophical movement

emphasis on reason

celebrated freedom of thought

critical thinking

political and individual liberty

deism

God planned the universe and set it in motion

God no longer interacts directly w/ the earth and its people

great awakening

revival of spiritual zeal in 1730s & 1740s

spread by itinerants

first popular movement to span all 13 colonies

itinerants

traveling envangelists

John Wesley

1703-1791

found of methodist faith

Jonathan Edwards

congregationalist minister

puritan & taught puritan ideas (predestination)

gave vivid descriptions of hell (fear & guilt)

Benjamin Franklin

A champion of rational thinking and commonsense behavior, was an inventor, philosopher, entrepreneur, slaveholder, and a statesman

what were the results of enlightenment

• new emphasis on education

• faith in the idea of progress

• accelerated rate of intellectual change

• taught to look at themselves rather then God

salem witch trials

• Parris family

• Tituba, Carribean slave — “witch”

• when: 1692-1693

• many accusations and executions

• many questioned the way Salem used “evidence”

salutary neglect

British policy allowing American colonies economic/political freedom

captive market

forcing colonial consumers to buy from the home country

navigation acts

restrictions passed by Parilment to control trade and bolster the mercantile system

New France

founded by Samuel de Champlain

coureurs de bois

French Louisiance

Samuel de Champlain

founded New France

coureurs de bois

trappers and traders who lived w the Indians

Albany Plan of Union

a failed proposal by 7 northern colonies urging unification of the colonies under a crown appointed president

purpose: to deal w Indian affairs

sanctioned by: Great Britain

led by: Benjamin Franklin

The Treat of Paris (1763)

Great Britain takes possession of French colonies in West Indies, India, East of Mississippi River, and Canada

Sugar Act 1764

• cut taxes on molasses

• added tax on sugar, wines, coffee, spices

• eliminated jury in admiralty courts (hoping to successfully punish trade violation)

Currency Act 1764

• prohibited colonists from printing more paper money

• all payments for British goods had to be in gold/silver

Quartering Act 1765

required colonists to feed/house British troops

Stamp Act 1765

required colonists to purchase stamped paper for ALL printed materials

Stamp Act Congress

• Oct. 1765

• 9 colonies issued resolution/petitions to the king & parliament

• resolution titled: Declaration of Rights and Grievances

sons of liberty

colonists dedicated to militant resistance against British troops

virtual representation

American colonies were virtually represented by all members of Parliament acting in the national interest

mercantilism

the policy, practiced by England and other imperial powers, of regulating colonial economies to benefit the mother country

Glorious Revolution

a successful coup, instigated by a group of English aristocrats, that overthrew King James II and instated William of Orange and Mary to the English thrown

John Locke

an English philosopher and a strong believer in natural rights; in his writings, rationalized revolutionary movements to overthrow unsatisfactory governments

French & Indian War (Seven Years’ War) 1756-1763

the last and most important of four colonial wars between England and France for control of lands un the North America east of the Mississippi River

Braddocks Defeat 1755

• refused to recruit Native Americans

• unused to forest warfare

Pontiac’s Rebellion

a series of indigenous American attacks on British forts & settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River as part of the Treaty of Paris w/o consulting France’s Native American allies

Sam Adams

an organizer of Sons of Liberty, the secret society that was formed to preserve the rights of American Patriots

• said that taxation w/o representation is illegal

• created a letter that said this and then Massachusetts legislature was dissolved by King after refusing to withdraw the letter

Boston Massacre

violet confrontation between British soldiers and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770, in which 5 colonists were killed

Boston Tea Party

a demonstration against the Tea Act of 1773 in which the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Native Americans, dumped 342 chests of British-owned tea in Boston Harbor

• December 16, 1773

Coercive Acts

• colonists required to pay damages of Boston Tea Party

• Boston port closed

• imposed military government/all Massachusetts officials appointed by Crown

• forced quartering of troops

Declaration of Independence 1776

The formal statement, principally drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, that officially announced the 13 colonies break w/ Great Britain

royal governors

• have a lot of power; can veto