unit 2(part b notes), Higgins, Lauren, Period 3

cell

basic structural unit of the body

tissue

combination of similar cells

organ

collection of tissues working together to form a particular function

body system

consists of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

a life form made up of cells, tissues, organs, and body systems that work together to maintain life

homeostasis

stable internal environment of physiological balance

cytology

study of formation, structure, and function of cells

organelles

specialized structures that enable specific functions

cell membrane(plasma membrane)-selective semipermeable membrane

surrounds every cell and controls what enters and exits the cell

nucleus

controls the cell and has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs, 22 are identical

DNA

responsible for each person’s unique genetic makeup

cytoplasm

semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane

electrolytes

compounds made of charged particles called ions

ions

conduct electrical currents in water/cytoplasm

cations

positive charged ions that create acids

anions

negative charged ions that create bases

pH

measures the presence of acids and bases

muscle cells

long cells in muscle tissue that allow muscles to contract and relax

epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining digestive tract

fat cells

large, empty spaces to store fat

nerve cells

long with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses

blood cells

vary in size and shape according to their function

sex cells

the ovum(female sex cell) is the largest cell in the body, the sperm(male) is the smallest

mitosis

two genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

produces sex cells(gametes) like sperm and eggs with half the number of chromosomes

genetics

study of ways in which genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring

genetic disorders/hereditary disorders

diseases or conditions caused by defective genes

ababolism

building-up process in which energy combines smaller units unto molecules(groups of more than 1 atom

aplasia

condition in the cell, tissue, or organ that does not grow.develop normally

carcinogenesis

formation of development of cancer

endocytosis

process in which substances are brought inside a cell

eukaryotic

having a clearly defined nucleus

exocytosis

process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

histogenesis

production of tissues

hypertonic

more concentration in solution of a cell, water flows out, resulting in shrinking

hypotonic

lower concentration in solute of cell causing water to flow into a cell, resulting in swelling

isotonic

having equal concentration inside and outside of a cell

lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

prokayotic

no clearly defined nucleus

tissue

group of similar cells working together to perform a function

histology

study of the structure and function of tissues

biopsy

to remove a small piece of tissue, piece of organ, or entire organ

pathologist

physician who studies diseases and examines tissue or part of an organ

epithelial tissue

skin covering surface of body, lines internal organs, cell layers

simple epithelium

tissue with one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

tissue with more than one layer of cells

squamous

flat shaped

cuboidal

cube-shaped

columnar

cells shaped like columns

connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

dense connective tissue

bone, cartilage

loose connective tissue

nerve cells, blood vessels

adipose tissue

refers to as fat, provides heat-retaining insulation

liquid connective tissue

blood, lymph

muscle tissue

contracts to produce movements

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle attached to the bone

cardiac muscle

only found in heart and is involuntary

smooth muscle

visceral muscle or involuntary muscle that lines walls of organs

peristalsis

contractions in the esophagus to move substances to digest food

nervous tissue

makes up nervous system and is made of neurons

neurons

receive and conduct electrochemical pulses between brain and other parts of the body

organs

structures composed of several different kind of tissues and work together to perform a specific function

body systems

groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions

homeostasis

body’s state of balance

integumenrary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, produced vitamin D for calcium absorption, regulates body temp and fluid balance, physical barrier

skeletal system

bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, provides shape and support, protects organs, produces blood cells, stores calcium and minerals

muscular system

muscles, voluntary/involuntary actions, produces heat through energy generated by muscles

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body

endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads(ovaries and testes), produces hormones and regulated body temp, growth and development of cells

respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, delivers oxygen, expels carbon dioxide, regulates pH levels

cardiovascular(circulatory) system

heart, blood, vessels, pump blood that has oxygen and nutrients through the body, carries carbon dioxide to lungs and wastes to kidneys and lungs

lymphatic(immune) system

spleen, lymph nodes, vessel, tissues, thymus, bone marrow, protect body from microorganism that cause diseases, maintains proper balance of blood and lymphatic fluid

digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus, responsible for digestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients, removes solid waste products

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, blasser, urethra, filters blood to remove waste products, regulates electrolytes and fluid balance in body

reproductive system

female-mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, male-penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, allows human beings to produce offspring

anabolism

a building-up process that combines smaller units into molecules