Anatomy 1 Chapters 3-5 Quiz Questions

Types of things that dissolve in water?

Ionic Compounds Hydrophilic Substances Polar Molecules

If an atom in a cell currently has only 6 electrons in its valence shell, which of the following is it most likely to do?

form 2 covalent bonds

True/False: Polarity is an "emergent property" of molecules. This means that smaller units of organization, like atoms, cannot have polarity.

true

What determines whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar?

the atoms of polar molecules are connected by polar covalent bonds

What atom in a cell has the highest electronegativity?

oxygen

Hydrogen bonds form between molecules that each contain their own _________ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially _________ charged atom of another.

polar covalent; negatively

What macromolecule is made of amino acid monomers?

protein

What macromolecule is made of nucleotide monomers?

nucleic acid

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones requires _______ and is described as_______.

energy; anabolism

What type of bond links the nucleotides together in the midline of the DNA "ladder?"

hydrogen bonds

Which type of macromolecule serves these functions?

energy storage, structural support, or signaling

protein

Which of the following terms does NOT apply to chemical reactions that digest food into monomers?

Anabolic

Forming a disaccharide from two monosaccharides requires an input of energy. This type of reaction is:

endergonic

What are the monomer building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

When the body's digestive system breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler carbohydrates, the reaction is…

catabolic and exergonic.

The stomach is often highly acidic. The pH range of tolerance for the stomach enzyme pepsin is:

2-4

By what mechanism do traditional food preparation techniques make our food safer to eat?

they expose pathogens to environments that are likely to denature their enzymes

These are molecules that, when bound to an enzyme, reduce or eliminate its function.

inhibitors

Hydrogen peroxide can be broken down into water and oxygen gas by catalase. What is the SUBSTRATE of this reaction?

hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide can be broken down into water and oxygen gas by catalase. What is the ENZYME of this reaction?

catalase

Amylase enzyme breaks starch molecules apart into small sugars. What is the SUBSTRATE of this reaction?

starch

What is in danger of happening at temperatures above 40°C (104°F) in the human body?

enzymes denature and reaction rates decrease to levels that could cause harm

By ________ the activation energy of a particular chemical reaction, the function of an enzyme is to _________.

decreasing; allow that reaction to take place at a pace sufficient to support life.

Hydrogen peroxide can be broken down into water and oxygen gas by catalase. What is the PRODUCT of this reaction?

water and oxygen gas

True or False: All enzymes have the same ranges of tolerance.

false

What's the difference between an RNA adenine nucleotide and an ADP molecule?

1 additional phosphate group

How does energy released by an ATP molecule fuel cellular work?

energy coupling, which is the pairing of this exergonic reaction to an endergonic one

A process during which energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

energy coupling

ATP is a highly ___________ molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP + Pi, and the free energy released during this process is ______________ .

Unstable, lost as heat

What's the difference between an RNA adenine nucleotide and an ATP molecule?

2 additional phosphate groups

When two or more polypeptide chains come together forming a protein's ultimate functional shape.

quaternary protein structure

This level of protein structure refers to the precise ordering of amino acids in the polypeptide's sequence.

primary

How many electrons does a hydrogen atom need to gain to fill its valence shell?

1