City models

Concentric Zone Model

Proposed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925, it describes urban land use in concentric circles radiating from a central point, typically the Central Business District (CBD).

Zone I: Central Business District (CBD)

The innermost zone of the Concentric Zone Model, characterized by high-density commercial activity.

Zone II: Zone of Transition

A mixed-use area often featuring low-income housing; adjacent to the Central Business District in the Concentric Zone Model.

Zone III: Zone of Working-Class Homes

Older, lower-middle-class homes, located just outside the Zone of Transition in the Concentric Zone Model.

Zone IV: Zone of Better Residences

Middle-class homes located further out from the Central Business District in the Concentric Zone Model.

Zone V: Commuter's Zone

Suburban areas that are the outermost ring in the Concentric Zone Model.

Sector Model

Developed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, it suggests urban areas develop in sectors radiating from the CBD along transportation routes.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Created by Harris and Ullman in 1945, this model posits that cities develop around multiple centers or 'nuclei' with distinct economic activities.

Urban Realms Model

Proposed by James E. Vance in the 1960s, it reflects urban development changes, emphasizing the role of suburban areas beyond traditional city boundaries.

Edge City Model

Introduced by Joel Garreau in 1991, it defines edge cities as suburban developments that become new centers of economic activity on metropolitan outskirts.

Sub-Saharan African City Model

Highlights the urban structure of Sub-Saharan African cities, blending traditional practices with modern developments.

Latin American City Model

Developed by Griffin and Ford, it illustrates the structure of Latin American cities, featuring a central plaza and a blend of affluent and marginalized areas.