preview of what to know from slides

Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone made of compact bone & filled with yellow marrow

Epiphysis

End of the bone made mostly of spongy bone

Epiphyseal plate

Is at the end of the long bones and binds growth hormones

Between 18-21 years old

When does the epiphyseal plate close in females?

20-25 years old

When does the epiphyseal plate close in males?

Sex hormone

The epiphyseal plate closes due to what hormone?

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones

Yellow bone marrow

stores fat

Red bone marrow

Makes blood cells found in spongy bone & flat bones

Periosteum

Living, outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

Ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue categorized based on the type & arrangement of matrix fibers

Tendons

Tough fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bone

1- Hyaline 2- Fibrocartilage 3- Elastic

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline Cartilage

What type of cartilage is the ends of long bones?

Hyaline Cartilage

What type of cartilage is the nose?

Hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is the ends of ribs?

Hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is the larynx?

Hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage is the trachea?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is the disks between the vertebrae?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is in the knees?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is stronger than hyaline cartilage?

Elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is ear flaps?

Elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What type of cartilage is more flexible than hyaline cartilage?

Ossification

The formation of bone in two distinct ways

Intramembranous ossification

Bone development between sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Intramembranous

Which ossification is used in flat bones?

Endochondrial ossification

Cartilage is replaced by bone

Endochondrial ossification

Which ossification is used by most bones?

Fibrous joints

Usually immoveable such as the sutures between cranial bones

cartilaginous joints

Tend to be slightly moveable such as the intervertebral disks

Synovial joints

Freely movable joints such as the ball-and-socket hip

Synovial joints

What joint is the shoulder joints?

Synovial joint

What joint is the knee joint?

14

How many phalanges are there per individual limb?

56

What is the total number of phalanges in the the entire human body?

8

How many carpals (wrist bone) are in each wrist?

16

How many total carpals are there in the body?

7

How many tarsals are there in each foot?

14

How many tarsals are there total in the human body?

5

How many metacarpals are in each hand?

10

How many metacarpals are there total in the human body?

5

How many metatarsals are in each foot?

10

How many metatarsals are there total in the human body?

33

What is the grand total number of vertebrae in the human spine?

24

How many unfused vertebrae are there?

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

- cervical - thoracic - lumbar

What are the unfused vertebrae?

9

How many fused vertebrae are there?

-sacral -coccygeal

What are the fused vertebrae?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

4

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

12

How many total pairs of ribs does the human body have?

True ribs

What are the first seven pairs of ribs called?

3

How many pairs of “false ribs” are there?

Floating ribs

What are the bottom-most two pairs of ribs classified as?

Intervertebral discs

Are between our unfused vertebrae

24

How many intervertebral discs are there?

Hyoid bone

Which bone doesn’t articulate with any other bones?

Frontal bone

What bone forms the forehead & roof of the eye?

Frontal bone

What bone forms the anterior cranial fasa?

Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells

Osteoclasts

Bone absorbing cells

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts

Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates general bone growth & epiphyseal plate

Cartilage model

What is step one in endochondral ossification?

Cartilage model

Chondrocytes lay down hyaline cartilage in the shape of the future bones

Bone collar formation

What is step 2 in endochondral ossification?

Bone collar formation

Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix & results in a collar made of compact bone

Primary ossification center

What is step 3 in endochondral ossification?

Primary ossification center

Osteoblasts are brought interiorly by blood & lay down spongy bone

Secondary ossification site

What is step 4 in endochondral ossification?

Secondary ossification site

Bone centers in the epiphyses formed after birth

Epiphyseal plate

What is step 5 in endochondral ossification?

Epiphyseal plate

A cartilage band that acts as a growth plate that allows bone to lengthen

Osteoporosis

Bone are weakened due to a decrease in bone mass

Hematoma ~ blood clots formed between broken bones

What takes 6-8 hours in bone repair?

Fibrocartilage callus ~ cartilaginous callus firms between broken bones

What takes 3 weeks in bone repair?

Bony callus ~ cartilaginous callus is turned to bone

What takes 3-4 months in bone repair?

Remodeling ~ old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue

What’s the last step in bone repair?

Hematoma

Blood clots formed between broken bones

Fibrocartilage callus

Cartilaginous callus firms between broken bones

Bony callus

Cartilaginous callus is turned to bone

206

What is the total number of bones in an unman adult skeleton?

Flat bone

What is the mandible a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Flat bone

What is the sternum a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Flat bone

What is the ribs a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Flat bone

What is the skull a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Irregular bone

What is the pelvis a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Irregular bone

What is the vertebrae a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Short bone

What is the patella a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Short bone

What is the carpals a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Short bone

What is the tarsals a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Short bone

What is the phalanges a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Long bone

What is the humerus a flat, irregular, short or long bone?

Long bone

What is the radius a flat, irregular, short or long bone?