Plant Reproduction and Anatomy

What are the 4 main flower parts?

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

What are the parts of a stamen?

Anther and filament.

What does the anther produce?

Pollen.

What are the parts of a carpel?

Stigma, style, and ovary.

What does the stigma do?

Receives pollen.

What does the style do?

Connects the stigma to the ovary.

What does the ovary contain?

Ovules.

Complete vs. incomplete flower

Complete has all 4 main parts; incomplete is missing at least one.

What is alternation of generations?

Alternation between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte.

What is the dominant generation in angiosperms?

The diploid sporophyte.

What does a microspore become?

The male gametophyte/pollen grain.

What does a megaspore become?

The female gametophyte/embryo sac.

What is in the male gametophyte?

A tube cell and two sperm cells.

What is in the female gametophyte?

An egg cell and central cell with two polar nuclei.

What does the pollen tube do?

Delivers two sperm cells to the ovule.

What is double fertilization?

One sperm fertilizes the egg; one fertilizes the two polar nuclei.

Sperm + egg produces what?

A diploid zygote.

Sperm + two polar nuclei produces what?

Triploid endosperm.

What does the zygote become?

The embryo.

What is the function of endosperm?

Provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

What does the ovule become after fertilization?

A seed.

What does the ovary become after fertilization?

A fruit.

What are the main parts of a seed?

Embryo, endosperm, cotyledons, and seed coat.

What are cotyledons?

Embryonic seed leaves used for nutrient storage/absorption.

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

One.

How many cotyledons do eudicots have?

Two.

Main monocot traits

1 cotyledon, parallel veins, fibrous roots, scattered bundles, flower parts in 3s.

Main eudicot traits

2 cotyledons, netted veins, taproot, ringed bundles, flower parts in 4s or 5s.

What is seed dormancy?

A period when a viable seed does not germinate.

Why is dormancy useful?

It prevents germination during unfavorable conditions.

What is scarification?

Breaking or weakening a seed coat to promote germination.

What is stratification?

Cold/moist treatment that helps break dormancy.

What conditions are needed for germination?

Water, oxygen, suitable temperature, and sometimes proper light.

What is imbibition?

Water absorption by a seed at the start of germination.

What emerges first during germination?

The radicle, which becomes the root.

What is a simple fruit?

A fruit from one ovary of one flower.

What is an aggregate fruit?

A fruit from several ovaries of one flower, like a raspberry.

What is a multiple fruit?

A fruit from ovaries of several flowers, like pineapple.

What is a pome?

A fruit such as apple or pear with fleshy tissue surrounding the ovary.

Fleshy fruit examples

Grapes, tomatoes, peaches, apples.

Dry fruit examples

Beans, nuts, grains, capsules.