Germany and The Growth of Democracy (1)

When was the unification of Germany and what did it follow?

1871 after victory against France in 1870

Population of Germany 1871 to 1914

40 million to 68 million

Who was the Chancellor in the 1870s and 80s?

Otto von Bismarck

What was Bismarck's attitude towards ethnic minorities?

He attempted to assimilate ethnic minority groups within the new empire, such as the Poles

Importance of Prussia

2/3 of population; Over 1/2 of the territory

Steel production comparison 1880 to 1914

1880- half the amount of steel as Britain; 1914- twice the amount as Britain

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II become Kaiser?

1888 at the age of 31

What had Kaiser Wilhelm II seen the European powers do?

Seize colonies in Africa (Scramble for Africa)

What did Germans think of the Kaiser's Weltpolitik?

Many Germans agreed with him

How did governments try to pacify socialist demands pre-WW1?

Social reforms such as the introduction of old age pensions in 1889 (20 years before Britain) and sickness and accident insurance schemes which covered nearly 14 million Germans by 1911

How many ships did the Navy have in 1896?

6

Who argues that Germany needed large battleships?

Admiral von Tripitz who became State Secretary of the Navy in 1897

What was the First Navy Law?

Passed in 1898, the law allowed for the addition of 7 battleships (Germany already had 12). Didn't match British or French but marked turning point in German foreign policy

What was the Second Navy Law?

1900 (during the Boer War). Doubled the size of the fleet to 38 battleships

What developed in 1902?

The Anglo-German naval arms race

What did the Germans respond to in 1906 and how?

The Royal Navy launch of the Dreadnought in May with a 3rd Navy Law, adding 6 cruiser-type ships to the building programme

Number of German Dreadnoughts from 1907 to 1914

0-19

How many Navy Laws were passed in total before WW1?

5

By 1914, which party gained power and why?

The left-wing Social Democrat Party because it appealed to Germany's growing number of industrial workers

What did the middle class think of the government by 1914?

They were happy with the right-wing government because they were afraid of the growing political strength of industrial workers

By 1914, what was Germany producing 1/3 of?

The World's electrical goods

How were food imports affected by 1914?

Only 1/3 of the labour force worked in agriculture so food imports rose quickly reaching about 1/5 of Germany's needs by 1914

Who accepted the authoritarian nature of German rule? (Pre-WW1)

Both right-wing and central political parties because of the developing wealth and power the middle class gained

How many seats did the SPD gain in 1912?

Nearly 1/3

How did the military influence foreign policy under the Kaiser?

The influence of military chiefs often determined the policies, which were concerned with expansion

What was the main objective of the German Navy?

To compete against the British

What was the Reichstag's power before 1914?

It could debate and approve budgets but the Kaiser and Chancellor could ignore it; the Chancellor was answerable to the Kaiser, not the Reichstag

What was the effect of WW1 on Germany? (6 points)

-Opposition to the Kaiser developed

-Anarchy

-500 women protested against war in 1915 and in 1916 10000 workers turned against the Kaiser; -Produced less food (1/2 of milk and 3/5 of butter and meat)

-Spanish influenza spread

-Made Germans feel resentment to authority

What constitutional change happened in October 1918?

The Chancellor became answerable to the Reichstag rather than the Kaiser a move towards parliamentary government

25th October 1918

Sailors mutinied at Kiel

26th October- 5th November 1918

Strikes and demonstrations across Germany

6th November 1918

Soldiers and workers took control of cities like Munich and Hamburg

7th November 1918

Social Democrats led by Ebert demanded the abdication of the Kaiser

9th November 1918

General Strike in Berlin. Kaiser abdicates. Ebert takes over as Chancellor

What was the armistice?

11 November 1918

What was the 'stab in the back' myth?

The claim Germany was betrayed by socialists, Jews and politicians at home rather than defeated militarily; used by the right against Weimar

Who were the Spartacists?

A group of radical socialists who wanted a revolution like the Russians.

Who led the Spartacists?

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebnecht

When was Spartacist Uprising

5th January 1919

Why did the Spartacist Uprising fail?

It was poorly organised; lacked support of other left-wing groups; the government had 2000 Freikorps; Spartacist leaders were killed so lacked leadership

End of the Spartacist Uprising

15th January 1919

How did the Weimar government come out of the Spartacist uprising?

A success was that they had managed to stop the first major uprising under their power; However, they had given too much power to the right-wing Freikorps

What was proportional representation?

Seats allocated in proportion to votes, so small parties got seats; led to weak, short-lived coalitions

Why was the Weimar constitution weak?

-Proportional representation caused unstable coalitions

-Article 48 allowed rule by decree

-the President had huge power; army and judiciary were hostile to democracy

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause -- placed complete blame for the war on Germany

Reparations payment

£6.6 billion

Treaty of Versailles percentage seizes

10% of Germany's industry and 15% of agricultural land taken

Who got Germany's colonies?

The League of Nations gave them to Britain and France to run

How was the German military restricted by the Treaty of Versailles?

-No air force

-100,000 men

-6 battleships

-No submarines

-Occupied the Rhineland for 15 years and no German troops allowed in this area

Other than colonies, what land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

-Alsace-Lorraine (France)

-West Prussia and Polen

-Polish Corridor (to Poland)

-Saarland (LoN)

What land did Germany lose at Versailles?

-Alsace-Lorraine (France)

-West Prussia and Posen/Polish Corridor (Poland)

-Danzig free city

-Memel (Lithuania)

-Eupen-Malmedy (Belgium)

-Saarland to the League for 15 years

When was Kapp Putsch?

13th March 1920

Who was the leader of the Kapp Putsch?

Wolfgang Kapp led the Freikorps with General Luddwitz and Ludendorff

Where did the government flee to during the Kapp Putsch?

Dresden

How did the Weimar Government respond to the Kapp Putsch?

They called a general strike which left the city with no transport, water or power.

What did the Kapp Putsch show the government?

The Freikorps couldn't be relied on and that not everyone supported the Weimar government

When was the Invasion of the Ruhr?

January 1923

What did the French and Belgian troops do to the workers in the Ruhr?

Killed 100

-150,000 thrown out of their homes

How did the Germans respond to the Invasion of the Ruhr?

Passive resistance, supported by the government, meant that the workers refused to work. However, this made Germany poorer as they produced nothing from the Ruhr

Impact of the Invasion of the Ruhr?

Hyperinflation

Causes of hyperinflation

More banknotes were printed to cover reparations and cost of wages from passive resistance

Effects of hyperinflation

Money lost all value

-Many small businesses collapsed

-Savings and pensions became worthless

-Debts were easily payed off

What Recovery Plans did Stresemann do (1924-1929)? (6)

NDYLLK

New Currency (1923:destroyed, 1924:remade)

Dawes Plan(1925)

Young Plan(1929)

Locarno Pact(1925)

League of Nations(1926)

Kellogg-Briand Pact(1928)

When did Stresemann call off passive resistance?

August 1923

When was Gustav Stresemann made Chancellor?

August- November 1923

When does Government destroy old currency?

October 1923

When was Munich Putsch?

8th-9th November 1923

What was the cause of the Munich Putsch?

Nazis were angry at Stresemann for calling off the passive resistance thinking it meant giving in to the French

What was the Munich Putsch?

Hitler and 600 SA burst into a speech by von Kahr, the leader of Bavaria, and forced him to support them

How was the Munich Putsch stopped?

Army found out what was happening and they had allowed von Kahr to leave

How were Ludendorff and Hitler punished after the Munich Putsch?

Ludendorff was freed and Hitler given a lenient sentence because the judges were chosen by a Nazi sympathiser

When was Rentenmark introduced?

January 1924

Introduction of temporary new currency 'Rentenmark' and later introduces a new currency 'Reichsmark'

(Card content as above)

Economic Plan with America and when

1924-Dawes Plan

-US gave 800 million to Germany and longer to pay back reparations

Effect of end of passive resistance

Economy began to recover and armies withdrew in 1925

What did Gillette and Ford do to help Germany?

They invested in Germany which led to more jobs being available

When did Nazi Party Relaunch

27th February 1925

What was the Locarno Pact and when?

(1925) Germany accepted its western borders and was treated as an equal; boosted Stresemann's standing

When was Hindenburg elected as President (opponent of Republic)?

1925

What did Germany do internationally in 1926?

Germany join the League of Nations (1926)

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact and when?

1928-65 nations renounced war, including Germany; improved Germany's standing

Nazi seats in 1928

12 seats- 2% of vote

When and what was the Young plan?

1929

.Economic Plan

.Reduced the amount of reparations by 60% from 132 to 37 million

What was industrial production like in 1929?

It was higher than it had been before the war

October 1929

Stresemann dies meaning they lost an influential leader