EPSY 321 test 2 review

Duvall's Family Life Cycle Theory (1957)

Families go through developmental stages, just like individuals do. Each stage involves new responsibilities, challenges, and adjustments.

What are the five stages of Duvall's Family Life Cycle?

Founding, bearing, rearing, launching, and empty nest.

What happens during the founding stage?

Two people form a committed partnership, such as marriage or a long-term relationship.

What happens during the bearing stage?

A child is added to the family, and partners transition into parenthood. This stage includes birth through 30 months of the oldest child.

What happens during the rearing stage?

Parents raise and socialize their children, teaching self-regulation, social norms, responsibility, and independence.

Which stage of Duvall's theory lasts the longest?

The rearing stage, which includes preschool, school age, and adolescence.

What happens during the launching stage?

Parents prepare their children to leave home and become independent.

What happens during the empty nest stage?

Children have left the family home, and parents adjust to life without children living at home.

How is launching different from empty nest?

Launching involves preparing children to leave home, while empty nest occurs after the children have left.

What are the four theoretical perspectives on families?

Family development, structure-function, social exchange, and family systems.

What is the family development perspective?

It examines how families change over time and what characteristics help families function effectively.

What are the five characteristics of strong families?

Communication, commitment, crisis management, routines, and traditions.

What is the most strongly correlated characteristic of strong families?

Clear, open, and frequent communication.

What is the second most important characteristic of strong families?

Commitment, meaning family members feel valued, supported, and important.

What is crisis management in families?

How families respond to and manage stressful situations or unexpected challenges.

What is the difference between family routines and traditions?

Routines are regular activities that provide structure, while traditions are meaningful practices that celebrate family identity or experiences.

What is the structure-function perspective?

It focuses on the roles and responsibilities families perform for individuals and society, such as caregiving, financial support, education, and emotional support.

What is the pessimistic argument about modern families?

Families are declining because outside institutions are taking over responsibilities that families traditionally performed.

What is the optimistic viewpoint about modern families?

Families can adapt and focus on their priorities while using outside resources, such as schools and child care.

What is the social exchange perspective?

Family relationships involve exchanges of resources, responsibilities, costs, and benefits.

What are examples of tangible exchanges in families?

Money, food, clothing, housing, and transportation.

What are examples of intangible exchanges in families?

Love, respect, attention, obedience, and emotional support.

What are exchange rates in family relationships?

The perceived balance between what a family member contributes and what they receive.

What might happen if someone feels family exchanges are unfair?

They may experience conflict or seek emotional support and resources outside the family.

What is the family systems perspective?

The family is an interconnected emotional system where changes affecting one member can influence everyone else.

What is differentiation of self?

The ability to develop independent beliefs and decisions while maintaining emotional connections with family.

What two forces are involved in differentiation of self?

Individuality and togetherness.

What is individuality in Bowen's theory?

The desire to think, act, and make decisions independently.

What is togetherness in Bowen's theory?

The desire to maintain family closeness, connection, and belonging.

What is a triangle in Bowen's theory?

A three-person relationship system where tension between two people involves a third person.

What is the smallest stable relationship system in Bowen's theory?

A triangle.

What is multigenerational transmission?

The passing of family relationship patterns, parenting styles, communication habits, and coping strategies across generations.

What is the nuclear family emotional process?

How emotional tension and anxiety within the immediate family influence relationships and functioning

What are the Three I's of changing family relationships during adolescence?

Interactions, independence, and idealizations.

What does interactions refer to?

Changes in how parents and adolescents communicate, behave, and influence one another.

What is reciprocal socialization?

Parents influence their adolescents, but adolescents also influence their parents.

How does puberty influence parent-adolescent interactions?

Physical, emotional, and cognitive changes can increase privacy needs, emotional reactions, and the desire for independence.

What does independence refer to during adolescence?

Adolescents increasingly seek autonomy and more control over their decisions.

What is autonomy?

The ability to make decisions and regulate one's own behavior.

What is parental authority?

Parents' power to establish rules and expectations.

What does idealizations refer to?

Changes in adolescents' perceptions and expectations of their parents as they recognize that parents are imperfect.

What are violations of expectations?

Situations where parents or adolescents fail to meet one another's expectations, potentially creating conflict.

What two dimensions determine Baumrind's parenting styles?

Demandingness and responsiveness.

What is demandingness?

The degree to which parents establish rules, expectations, monitoring, and boundaries.

What is responsiveness?

The degree to which parents provide warmth, affection, support, and sensitivity.

What are the four parenting styles?

Authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent/permissive, and uninvolved/dismissive.

Which parenting style has high demandingness and high responsiveness?

Authoritative

What characterizes authoritative parenting?

Parents are warm but firm, establish clear rules, encourage independence, and explain expectations.

Which parenting style has high demandingness and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian

What characterizes authoritarian parenting?

Strict rules, emphasis on obedience, limited discussion, and relatively little warmth.

Which parenting style has low demandingness and high responsiveness?

Indulgent or permissive.

What characterizes permissive parenting?

Parents are warm and affectionate but establish few rules or consequences.

Which parenting style has low demandingness and low responsiveness?

Uninvolved or dismissive.

What characterizes uninvolved parenting?

Limited emotional support, monitoring, guidance, and parental involvement.

What is the difference between authoritative and authoritarian parenting?

Both involve high expectations, but authoritative parenting combines rules with warmth, while authoritarian parenting emphasizes strict control with limited warmth.

What are implicit expectations?

Unspoken rules about how family members are expected to behave.

What are attachment styles?

Patterns of emotional connection and security developed through relationships with caregivers.

What are the four common attachment styles?

Secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized.

What are internal working models?

Mental expectations about yourself, other people, and relationships based on previous experiences.

What are dyadic interactions?

Interactions between two people.

What are feedback loops in families?

Repeating cycles where one family member's behavior influences another's, which then influences the first person's behavior.

What is disequilibrium?

A disruption to a family's normal balance or stability.

What is morphostasis?

Maintaining stability and preserving existing family patterns.

What is morphogenesis?

Changing and adapting family patterns in response to new circumstances.

What is a phase transition in family development?

A period of significant change as a family moves from one developmental stage or pattern to another.

What is differential parenting?

Parents treating siblings differently in areas such as discipline, affection, privileges, or expectations.

What are non-shared environmental influences?

Experiences unique to individual siblings, such as different friends, teachers, relationships, and activities.

What is the difference between shared and non-shared environments?

Shared environments include common family conditions, while non-shared environments include experiences unique to each sibling.

What is sibling rivalry?

Competition, jealousy, or conflict between siblings.

What is sibling deidentification?

Siblings developing different identities, interests, or behaviors to distinguish themselves.

What is the main idea of families in a changing society?

Family structures and responsibilities change over time, and relationship quality, stability, resources, and support influence adolescent development.

What is a peer?

Someone approximately equal in age, developmental functioning, or another demographic characteristic.

What two historical changes contributed to the growth of adolescent peer groups?

Compulsory education and child labor laws.

How did compulsory education influence peer groups?

It brought similarly aged children together in schools, increasing peer interaction.

How did child labor laws influence peer groups?

They restricted child employment, increasing opportunities for education and peer socialization.

What is the main developmental function of peer groups?

Socialization.

What is a social norm?

An expected standard or pattern of behavior within a group.

What are particularistic norms?

Norms specific to a particular group, such as the Corps of Cadets.

What are universalistic norms?

Norms that apply broadly across a group or population

What are postfigurative cultures?

Cultures with slow change where younger generations generally follow the norms and traditions of older generations.

What are configurative cultures?

Cultures with steady change where people learn from both adults and peers.

What are prefigurative cultures?

Cultures with rapid change where younger generations may teach older generations.

Which cultural configuration has the slowest rate of change?

Postfigurative

Which cultural configuration has the fastest rate of change?

Prefigurative.

What are the five major changes in adolescent peer groups?

Time allocation, gender mixing, larger collectives, adult supervision, and social influence.

How does time allocation change during adolescence?

Adolescents generally spend more time with peers and less time with family compared with childhood.

What is sex cleavage?

The tendency for younger adolescents to form primarily same-gender peer groups.

How does gender mixing change during adolescence?

Peer groups generally shift from mostly same-gender groups to increasingly mixed-gender groups.

What does larger collectives refer to?

The expansion of peer interactions from small friendship groups into larger social networks.

How does adult supervision change during adolescence?

Adolescents generally experience less direct adult supervision during peer interactions.

What is social influence in peer groups?

The effect peers have on adolescents' attitudes, decisions, values, and behaviors.

What is peer pressure?

Influence from peers that encourages someone to think or behave in a particular way.

What is spoken peer pressure?

Verbal encouragement or discouragement from peers.

What is unspoken peer pressure?

Influence through observation, expectations, or modeling without direct verbal statements.

What is direct peer pressure?

Pressure aimed directly at an individual.

What is indirect peer pressure?

Influence that occurs without directly addressing the individual, such as observing others.

What is positive peer pressure?

Peer influence that encourages beneficial or prosocial behavior.

What is negative peer pressure?

Peer influence that encourages harmful or risky behavior.

What is conformity?

Changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to match a group's norms.

What is normative social influence?

Conforming to gain acceptance or avoid rejection.