Intellectual Property Code and Scaling High-Tech Ventures

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293) and core entrepreneurial scale, pricing, and product validation frameworks.

Intellectual Property (IP)

Creations of the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, and images used in commerce.

Republic Act No. 8293

The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, an act prescribing the intellectual property code, establishing the Intellectual Property Office, and outlining its powers and functions.

Technology Transfer Arrangements

Contracts or agreements involving the transfer of systematic knowledge for manufacturing products, applying processes, or rendering services (including management contracts and IP licensing, excluding mass-market software).

Collective Work

A work created by two ($2$) or more natural persons at the initiative and under the direction of another, with the understanding that it will be disclosed under the latter's name and contributing individuals remain unidentified.

Work of Applied Art

An artistic creation that possesses utilitarian functions or is incorporated into a useful article, produced either by hand or on an industrial scale.

Idea-Expression Dichotomy

A foundational copyright principle stating that copyright protects only the original expression of an idea, not the underlying idea, concept, procedure, system, or discovery itself.

Moral Rights

Inalienable authorial rights under Section 193 of RA 8293, independent of economic rights, encompassing attribution, alteration, withholding from publication, and objecting to derogatory distortions (integrity).

Fair Use

A statutory limitation to copyright infringement evaluated on four factors: the purpose and character of use, nature of the work, amount and substantiality of the portion used, and market effect on the work's value.

Patent

A government grant conferring an exclusive right to exclude third parties from making, using, selling, or importing a patented invention for $20$ years from the application filing date.

Patentable Invention

Any technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity that meets three statutory criteria: novelty (it is new), inventive step, and industrial applicability.

Utility Model

A technical solution to a problem that is new and industrially applicable (with or without an inventive step), granting protection for $7$ years from the filing date with no possibility of renewal.

Trade Secret

Undisclosed confidential business or technical information that confers an economic competitive advantage by virtue of being kept secret, protected indefinitely as long as reasonable efforts are made to preserve secrecy.

Information Appropriability

The vulnerability inherent to trade secrets wherein public disclosure immediately and permanently extinguishes its secret status and legal protection.

Trademark

Any visible sign capable of distinguishing the goods of an enterprise from those of others, protected for $10$ years from issuance and renewable indefinitely in $10$-year increments.

Service Mark

A visible mark or sign used in commerce to identify and distinguish the source of a service rather than a physical tangible product.

Collective Mark

A visible sign designated in a registration application to distinguish the origin, common characteristics, or quality of goods and services produced by different enterprises operating under the registrant's control.

Trade Name

The official name or designation identifying and distinguishing an enterprise as an entity, distinct from the trademarks applied to its individual goods or services.

Industrial Design

The ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article, consisting of three-dimensional features (shape or surface) or two-dimensional features (patterns, lines, or colors), protected for $5$ years with up to two consecutive $5$-year renewals.

Assignment (Intellectual Property)

The formal permanent transfer of ownership of an intellectual property right from the seller/creator to a buyer, terminating the original owner's legal rights to commercialize or use that IP.

Follow-on Markets

Secondary markets pursued after dominating the beachhead market, consisting of either upselling additional products to existing customers or expanding the core product into adjacent markets.

Adjacent Markets

Target markets structurally similar to the beachhead market that allow an innovation-based startup to sell modified versions of its core product while leveraging established core capabilities.

Product Plan

A growth roadmap outlining which previously deferred features will be reintroduced to the product over time and how functionality will systematically broaden to serve new market segments.

Business Model

A structured framework designed to capture and extract a portion of the value a product generates for customers, establishing the underlying economics and profitability of a venture.

Consumables Business Model

A value capture structure (such as the razor-and-blade model) featuring a low initial purchase cost for a primary device and high-margin recurring revenues on required recurring supplies.

Pricing Framework

An iterative strategy for establishing price points based directly on the quantified customer value created rather than unit production costs.

Lighthouse Customers

Influential, highly respected early buyers whose adoption of a product serves as an industry reference point and strongly guides purchasing decisions of other prospective customers.

Lifetime Value of an Acquired Customer (LTV)

The net present value of all profits an average newly acquired customer will yield over a $5$-year horizon, discounted annually by the startup's cost of capital rate.

Cost of Customer Acquisition (COCA)

The aggregate total marketing and sales expenses over time minus install base support expenses, divided by the total number of new customers acquired during that same time period ($\text{COCA}(t) = \frac{\text{TMSE}(t) - \text{IBSE}(t)}{\text{NC}(t)}$).

Minimum Viable Business Product (MVBP)

A simplified, integrated first-pass product satisfying three conditions: the user derives value from it, the user pays for it, and it initiates an empirical customer feedback loop.

Virality Coefficient

A quantitative metric reflecting the strength of customer word-of-mouth advocacy by measuring the rate at which active users refer new prospective customers to the business.