Animalology Lect1&2 Animals

Rules for binomial nomeclature of species

1. Genus first letter capitalized

2. Species/epithet always lowercase

3. Both names italicized in print

4. When written on paper, underline instead but separately uline genus and species

describe the grades of organization of animals/animal-likes

A. Unicellular level (Protozoa)

B. Multicellular level (Mesozoans & Parazoans)

C. Cell-tissue level (Eumetazoans)

D. Tissue-organ level (Eumetazoans)

E. Organ-system level (Eumetazoans)

Protozoans

Level A (“first” “animals”) Unicellular eukaryotes that are animal-like. Must be fully autonomous (can eat, reprodu, has nucleus, etc)

Metazoans

Level B (“after” “animals”) Multicellular organisms without “true tissues.” Splits into Mesozoans and Parazoans

Properties of Metazoans that Protozoans don’t have

multiple cells/units, ingestive (eating?), heterotrophic, sexual, undergoes embryonic tissue formation

Eumetazoans

Level C-E (“true” “after animal”) Animals with true tissues

Parenchyma vs stroma

Parenchyma is functional tissue of the organ, stroma is supportive tissue (unnecessary for organ except building shape)

4 fundamental tissue types

Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective

Types of epithelial tissue

Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Stratified squamous, Pseudostratified, Transitional

Explain the uses of every simple epithelial tissue

Squamous (diffusion of gases & molecules eg lungs)

Cuboidal (secretion of large fluids/molecules eg glands)

Columnar (highly absorptive surface eg intestines)

Pseudostratified vs stratified epithelium

Pseudostratified tissues appear to have multiple cell layers because of their randomly located nuclei. In reality they are Simple columnar and one cell layer.

Which epithelial tissue can stretch and compress, found in your bladder?

Transitional

Intracellular space

The (bodily) fluid inside cells

Extracellular space

The (bodily) fluid outside cells. Can be split into interstitial fluid and blood plasma if animal has blood

Examples of extracellular structural elements

Bone, cartilage, cuticle (exoskeleton), loose connective “tissue”

Categories of external architecture (ie symmetry)

Asymmetric, Spherical symmetry, Radial symmetry, Bilateral symmetry (+ secondary radial symmetry)

Polarity (in a body plan)

Specialization of body regions (eg having a head/bum, back/belly)

Rarest forms of body symmetry

Spherical symmetry (ball-like unicellular)

TRUE radial symmetry (usually organs make you biradial, quadriradial, etc)

Midsaggital plane

the axis connecting the mouth to the bum

Cephalization

having a head w/ sensory structures, common in bilateral symmetry

Secondary radial symmetry

When the animal is born with bilateral symmetry (larva) but gains radial symmetry as adult (starfish= pentaradial)

Diploblastic

when an organism contains two real layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic

when an organism contains three real layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Which animals are diploblastic and which are triploblastic?

Cnidarians are diploblastic and everything past that is triploblastic (worms, molluscs, men)

Gastrula

primitive GI tract; considered an endoderm; like a pit in the animal with no anus

Coelom

fluid filled cavity inside mesoderm; mesoderm must fully surround it to be a true coelom

Why should animals have coeloms?

Having fluid between your outside and GI tract is a good cushion and hydrostatic skeleton. Useful organs can be placed there instead of just pure useless tissue.

Kinds of coelums that are not actually true coelums

Acoelomate (fully made of solid cells and no fluid), Pseudocoelomate (fluid is technically outside mesoderm, so not a coelom)

Two ways animals can create coeloms

Schizocoelus (came from its own blob)

Enterocoelus (ripped apart from the endoderm) Hint: it entered from the anus

3 modes of unicellular locomotion

Ciliary, flagellar, amoeboid

Cytostome

The mouth of the cell

Metachronal beating

The coordinated beating of cilia to move in one direction; consists of power stroke and recovery stroke

Ciliates beat in a(n) _____ fashion

oblique (spiral)

tractellum

flagellum in the front of cell, pulling the cell toward it

pulsellum

flagellum in the back of cell, pushing the cell away from it

mastigonemes

cilia-like hairs on a flagellum, unable to stroke like actual cilia

cytoplasmic streaming

using a jet of cell fluid (endoplasm) to move in amoeboid locomotion

Explain how amoeboid locomotion works.

1. hyaline cap is formed

2. Endoplasm streams into the pseudopod like a pipe

3. Endoplasm becomes ectoplasm when it reaches the walls

Filopodia

Much slimmer lobopodia, used for amoeboid motion without a hyaline cap

Reticulopodia

extremely thin filaments/lobopodia for complex amoeboid motion

How to classify eukaryotes based on nutrition

Autotroph: make their own food (photoautotroph = using light)

Heterotroph: eat their food (phagotroph = using pseudopods, osmotroph = basically drinking/diffusing)

Phagosome

vacuole containing food captured by pseudopod

Lysosome

organelle? that digest foods in phagosomes

4 ways you can phagocytosis

1. Classic amoeboid phagocytosis (pseudopods)

2. A flagellate forming a pseudopodium

3. Free-living ciliophoran

4. Sessile ciliophorn/suctorian