Management of Patients with Urinary Disorders

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the classifications, etiology, diagnostics, clinical manifestations, medical management, and surgical interventions for lower and upper urinary tract infections and urinary stones.

Lower Urinary Tract Infection

An infection involving the bladder and structures below the bladder, including cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis.

Upper Urinary Tract Infection

An infection involving the kidneys and ureters, including acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal abscess, interstitial nephritis, and perirenal abscess.

Uncomplicated UTI

A community-acquired infection of the urinary tract that is common in young women and not usually recurrent.

Complicated UTI

A urinary tract infection that is often nosocomial (hospital-acquired) and related to catheterization, occurring in patients with urologic abnormalities, pregnancy, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, or obstructions, and frequently recurrent.

Bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in the urine, distinguished from contamination when exceeding $10^5$ colonies/mL of clean-catch midstream urine in general, or $10^4$ colonies/mL in men.

Pyuria

The presence of greater than $4$ white blood cells (WBCs) per high-power field in a urine specimen.

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

A urinary analgesic prescribed to relieve discomfort, burning, and pain associated with a urinary tract infection.

Pyelonephritis

A bacterial infection affecting the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys.

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A persistent or recurrent kidney infection that leads to hypertension, an inability to conserve sodium, decreased concentrating ability, hyperkalemia, acidosis, and progressive nephron loss.

Urolithiasis

The formation or presence of calculi (stones) anywhere within the urinary tract.

Nephrolithiasis

The presence or formation of calculi (stones) specifically within the kidneys.

Struvite Stones

Urinary calculi composed of ammonium magnesium phosphate that account for $15\%$ of all stones and form secondary to chronic infection with urea-splitting organisms.

Uric Acid Stones

Calculi accounting for $5\%$ to $10\%$ of all urinary stones, frequently seen in patients with gout.

Cystine Stones

Amino acid stones that account for $1\%$ to $2\%$ of all urinary calculi.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

A noninvasive procedure for most symptomatic, nonpassable upper urinary tract stones in which electromagnetically generated high-energy dry shock waves pass through the skin to fragment the stone.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

An intervention used for larger kidney stones where a percutaneous tract is created to introduce a nephroscope directly into the kidney to extract or pulverize the calculus.

Chemolysis

The process of dissolving urinary calculi through direct infusions of chemical solutions, such as alkylating or acidifying agents.

Nephrolithotomy

A surgical incision made into the kidney tissue specifically to extract a renal calculus.

Nephrectomy

The surgical removal of a kidney, indicated when the organ is determined to be nonfunctional.

Pyelolithotomy

The surgical excision of a calculus located in the renal pelvis.

Ureterolithotomy

The surgical removal of a stone lodged in the ureter.

Cystotomy

A surgical incision made into the bladder to remove bladder stones.