A&P Lab 3: Joints and Articulations

Synarthroses

immovable joints

Synarthroses example

Cranial sutures

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints

Amphiarthroses example

Intervertebral discs

Diathroses

Freely movable joints

Diathroses example

Synovial joints

Fibrous joints

joints composed of fibrous -ssue; no joint cavity is present

Sutures structural classification and location

Synarthroses: only found in the skull

Syndemosis

Amphiarthroses with "give" but no true movement

Syndemosis example

Distal tibiofibular joint

Cartilaginous joints

joints composed of car-lage; no joint cavity

Synchondrosis

A plate of hyaline cartilage. Sites of bone growth during youth; eventually ossify

Synchondrosis examples

joint between the first rib and manubrium, the epiphyseal plate

Symphysis

Pad or plate of fibrocartilage

Symphysis examples

intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis (pubic symphysis)

Synovial Joints

fluid-filled joint cavity; free movement = diarthrosis

Ball and socket joints

Most freely movable joints; all angular movement

Ball and socket joints examples

hip and shoulder

Condyloid joints

Permit all angular motion, except rotation

Condyloid joints examples

knuckles

Plane joints

Cartilaginous joints; flat bones glide/slide over one another

Plane joints example

acromioclavicular joint

Hinge joints

Permit flexion & extension only

Hinge joints examples

Elbow and knee

Pivot joints

permit rotation

Pivot joints example

First intervertebral joint, radio-ulnar joint

Saddle joints example

Thumb

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between 2 bones.

Extension

Increasing the angle between 2 bones.

Hyperextension

Increasing the angle greater than 180

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the midline.

Adduction

Moving a limb toward the midline.

Circumduction

Moving a limb in a circular (cone-shaped) manner.

Rotation

Turning movement of a bone along its long axis.

Supination/Pronation

movements between the radius and ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint

Supination

thumb up, radius and ulna are parallel

Pronation

Thumb down, radius and ulna are not parallel

Inversion/Eversion

Movement of the foot

Inversion

Sole inward

Eversion

Sole outward

Cause of twisted ankles

Over-inversion

Elevation

shoulder shrug

Depression

Mandible when opening mouth

Protraction

Thrust forward

Retraction

Pull back

TMJ type of joint

Synovial joint

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Articulation between the mandibular condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone; this is a hinge and gliding joint

TMJ Structures

Mandibular condyle

Mandibular fossa

Articular disc

TMJ Clinical significance

TMJ dysfunction

Intervertebral Joint type of joint

Synovial

Intervertebral Joints

The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) form a pivot joint; this is called the atlantoaxial joint

iThe atlantoaxial joint is structurally and functionally different than the other intervertebral joints

Atlantoaxial Joint

Pivot joint formed by C1 and C2

Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint) Type

Synovial

AC Joint Structures and ligaments

Coracoacromial ligament

Coracoclavicular ligament

Plane joint (gliding/sliding of the scapula on

the clavicle).

AC Joint Clinical Significance

Shoulder separation, dislocated shoulder. frozen shoulder

Glenohumeral Joint type

Synovial (Ball and socket joint)

Glenohumeral Joint Structures and Ligaments

Glenoid fossa

• Glenoid labrum

• Coracohumeral ligament

• Glenohumeral ligaments

• Subacromial bursae

• Subdeltoid bursae

Humeroradial and Humeroulnar Joint (Elbow) type

Synovial (Hinge Joint)

Humeroradial and Humeroulnar Joint Structures and Ligaments.

Humeroradial joint

Radial collateral ligament

Humeroulnar joint

Ulnar collateral ligament

Annular ligament

Humeroradial and Humeroulnar Clinical Pathology

Bursitis and Tennis Elbow

Coxal Joint (Hip) type

Synovial (Ball and socket)

Coxal Joint structures

• Iliofemoral ligament

• Ischiofemoral ligament

• Pubofemoral ligament

Coxal Joint clinical pathology

hip dislocation and replacement

Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee joint)

Functiions as a hinge joint even though 3 joints work together

iMovements: Flexion and extension with some slight rota-on

Contains many reinforcing structures

Extracapsular ligaments

Outside joint capsule

Extracapuslar Ligament examples

o patellar ligament

o quadriceps tendon

o tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL)

o fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)

Intracapsular Ligaments

Found inside joint capsule

Intracapsular Ligaments examples

o anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

o posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

• Menisci - reshape the tibial condyles for a better fit; composed of fibrocartilage

o medial meniscus

o lateral meniscus

Tibiofemoral joint clinical pathology

ACL Injury, Torn ACL, Torn MCL, and Torn medial meniscus

Articular Capsule

outer “wrap” that encloses the joint.

Joint cavity

small space inside the capsule

Synovial Fluid

slippery liquid that lubricates and nourishes.

Articular Cartilage

smooth padding on bone ends.

Ligaments

strong straps that hold bones together and guide movement.

Synovial Joints contain

Articular capsule

Joint cavity

Synovial fluid

Articular cartilage

Ligaments

Dorsiflexion

Movement of foot towards shin

Plantar flexion

Movement of foot away from shin