Cardiovascular System

Heart

The heart is located where?

within the mediastinum behind the sternum

The apex of the heart goes where while the heart itself rests on the __________ at the _______ _______ _______

down and to the left and rests on the diaphragm at the 5th intercostal space

Coverings & Walls of the Heart

.) pericardium:

1a.) visceral pericardium (epicardium)

1b.) parietal pericardium

1c.) serous fluid

2.) myocardium

3.) endocardium

pericardium

double walled sac that surrounds the heart

visceral pericardium (or epicardium)

inner layer of pericardium

parietal pericardium

fibrous outer layer of pericardium

serous fluid

between layers in the pericardial cavity

myocardium

cardiac muscle

endocardium

inner endothelial lining of chambers and valves

What covering or wall makes up majority of the heart?

myocardium

Picture of the Inside of Heart

Chambers of the Heart

4 Chambers:

1.) right atrium

2.) left atrium

3.) right ventricle

4.) left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart is the largest and most muscular part of the heart?

left ventricle

Septum (Fibrosis)

the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart made up of the:
1.) interatrial septum
2.) interventricular septum

interatrial septum

between the atria

interventricular septum

between the ventricles

Great Vessels of the Heart

1.) superior and inferior vena cava
2.) pulmonary trunk
3.) right and left pulmonary arteries
4.) pulmonary veins (4)
5.) aorta

superior and inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body to the right atrium

pulmonary trunk

carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle toward the lungs

right and left pulmonary arteries

branches of pulmonary trunk; carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

**The _________ side of heart sends blood to the lungs

right

**The __________ move blood away from the heart and have the thickest walls

arteries

pulmonary veins (4)

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

aorta

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all

body tissues

What vessel(s) is the largest blood vessel in the heart?

aorta

Circulation Within the Heart

pulmonary circulation

from the right side of heart to lungs and back to left side of heart

systemic circulation

heart and blood vessels from left side of heart to the body tissues and back to right side of heart

portal circulation

part of systemic circulation; from aorta to GI tract through liver to inferior vena cava

**Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is at the _______ level

capillary

Valves of the Heart

atrioventricular (AV) valves:

1.) tricuspid valve

2.) bicuspid (mitral) valve

semilunar valves:

1.) pulmonary valve

2.) aortic valve

atrioventricular (AV) valves

open during heart relaxation and closed when ventricles contract

tricuspid valve

atrioventricular (AV) valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid (mitral) valve

atrioventricular (AV) valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

semilunar valve

close during relaxation and open when ventricles contract

pulmonary valve

semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic valve

semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aorta

what do valves do?

prevent black flow of blood

Blood Flow Through the Heart

the right side of the heart contains ____ blood

deoxygenated

Blood Flow On Right Side of Heart

superior & inferior vena cava → right atrium through tricuspid valve → right ventricle through pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs

The left side of the heart contains __________ blood

oxygenated

Blood Flow On Left Side of Heart

lungs → pulmonary veins (4) → left atrium through bicuspid (mitral) valve → left ventricle through aortic valve → aorta → all parts of the body

Cardiac Circulation

right and left coronary arteries

branch from base of aorta

What do the right and left coronary arteries supply the heart with?

oxygen rich blood

cardiac veins

drains the myocardium of blood and empties into coronary sinus on back of heart

Physiology of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart:

The heart has ___________ nerves that controls the heart involuntary which includes the intrinsic system

Autonomic

Intrinsic Conduction (Nodal) System

1.) sinoatrial (SA) node
2.) atrioventricular (AV) node
3.) atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
4.) bundle branches
5.) Purkinje fibers

sinoatrial (SA) node

located in right atrium and is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

at the junction of atria and ventricles

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

aka bundle of His

bundle branches

in ventricular septum

Purkinje fibers

spread within heart muscle

Intrinsic Conduction (Nodal) System in Order

Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds

systole

contraction phase

diastole

relaxation phase (filling)

The heart sounds make a ______-_____ sound. What causes this sound?

lup-dup, caused by the closing of the valves

Cardiac Cycle Phases

1.) atrial systolic phase
2.) ventricular systolic phase
3.) diastolic phase

atrial systolic phase

first part of the cardiac cycle phase where the:

1. right & left atria contract

2. tricuspid & bicuspid valves open

3. pulmonary & aortic valves closed

The atrial systolic phase is ______ seconds

0.1 seconds

ventricular systolic phase

second part of the cardiac cycle phase where the:

1. right & left ventricles contract     

2. pulmonary & aortic valves open

3. tricuspid & bicuspid valves closed

The ventricular systolic phase is ______ seconds

0.3 seconds

diastolic phase

third part of the cardiac cycle phase where the:

1. entire heart relaxes- (filling)

2. tricuspid & bicuspid valves open  

3. pulmonary & aortic valves closed

The diastolic phase is ______ seconds

0.4 seconds

Blood Vessels

veins

carry deoxygenated blood toward heart

arterioles

smallest branches of arteries

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from heart

venules

smallest branches of veins

capillaries

connecting vessels between arterioles and venules

**The walls of arteries are _______ than in the veins and withstand ________ pressures than in the veins

thicker; higher pressures than in the veins

*The veins have ______ to prevent backflow and have ________ ________ than arteries

valves; larger lumens than arteries

Major Blood Vessels

Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

aorta

What is the largest artery in the body?

aorta

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

drains blood from head, arms, and chest into right atrium

inferior vena cava

drains blood from lower body into right atrium

Major Arteries of Pulmonary Circulation

pulmonary trunk and arteries and pulmonary veins (4)

pulmonary trunk and arteries

sends branches to both lungs (deoxygenated)

pulmonary veins (4)

bring blood from lungs to left atrium (oxygenated)

Physiology of Circulation

arterial pulse

pressure wave due to expansion and recoil of an artery

pressure points

felt over any superficial artery

What pulse at a certain pressure point is the most common felt pulse?

radial pulse

Blood Pressure

pressure that blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels and keeps blood circulating

Blood pressure is the highest in the _________

arteries

Blood pressure is the lower than the arteries in the _________

capillaries

Blood pressure is the lowest in the __________

veins

Measuring Blood Pressure

1.) systolic pressure

2.) diastolic pressure

3.) variations in blood pressure

systolic blood pressure

pressure in arteries at peak ventricular contraction (top #)

Systolic blood pressure ranges from _____ to _____ mm Hg

110 to 140 mm Hg

diastolic blood pressure

pressure when ventricles are relaxing(bottom #) 

Diastolic blood pressure ranges from _____ to _____ mm Hg

75 to 80 mm Hg

Lymphatic System & Body Defenses

lymphatic system

collection of tubes and organs that picks up excess tissue fluid (lymph) leaked from blood capillaries and returns it to bloodstream