Chem 2 Exam 2

What do bases do in water?

they disassociate to produce OH^- ions and cations

what do acids do in water?

they ionize to produce H⁺ ions and anions

Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base definition

an acid is a proton donor, any species that donates an H⁺ ion

a base is a proton acceptor, any species that accepts an H⁺ ion

an acid-base reaction is a proton-transfer process

HI

strong acid → H⁺ + I^-

HBr

strong acid → H⁺ + Br^-

HClO₄

strong acid → H⁺ + ClO₄^-

HCl

strong acid → H⁺ + Cl^-

HClO₃

strong acid → H⁺ + ClO₃^-

H₂SO₄

strong acid → H⁺ + HSO₄^-

HNO₃

strong acid → H⁺ + NO₃^-

Strong acids

dissociates completely into ions in water

Strong bases

are also strong electrolytes

NaOH

strong base → Na⁺ + OH^-

KOH

strong base → K⁺ + OH^-

LiOH

strong base → Li⁺ + OH^-

CsOH

strong base → Cs⁺ + OH^-

Ca(OH)₂

strong base → Ca²⁺ + 2OH^-

Ba(OH)₂

strong base → Ba²⁺ + 2OH^-

Sr(OH)₂

strong base → Sr²⁺ + 2OH^-

pH + pOH = ?

14

K_w = [H₃O⁺] [OH^-] = ?

1×10^-14

-log [H₃O⁺] = ?

pH

10^-pOH = ?

[OH^-]

-log [OH^-] = ?

pOH

what is produced when an acid reacts with a metal?

hydrogen gas and the salt of the metal is produced

what is produced in a neutralization equation?

an acid and a base produce a salt and water

acid + base → salt + water

what does a high K value indicate

strong acid because equilibrium favors products

NH₄I

weak base

HCN

weak acid

HOCl

weak acid

CH₃NH₃OH

weak base

pH NaCl

neutral pH

LiF

basic pH

KCN

basic pH

NH₄NO₃

acidic pH

Na₂CO₃

basic pH

the stronger the acid or base the _________ the conjugate acid or base will be

weaker

cations of small, highly charged metals are ______ _____

weakly acidic

what does a lewis base do?

donates a lone pair

what does a lewis acid do?

accept lone pair

lewis bases are called _____

nucleophiles

lewis acids are called ______

electrophiles

Equivalence point

when the moles of acid equal the moles of base

what is produced when a SA reacts with a SB?

a neutral salt is produced, pH = 7

Conjugate acid-base pair

two species that differ by exactly one proton (H+)

a strong acid is also a ____ _______

strong electrolyte

amphorhetic

a substance, such as water, that can act as an acid or a base depending on what it is reacting with

Kw = ?

= [H₃O⁺] [OH^-]

Arrhenius acid-base theory

acids produce H+ ions when dissolved in water

bases produce OH- ions when dissolved in water

higher pKa = ?

lower Ka and a weaker acid

lower pKa = ?

higher Ka and a stronger acid