ENCOM CHAPT 4 LANGUAGE

Language

Language is a system of sounds and symbols used to communicate ideas and feelings.

Language is a system.

Language is symbolic.

Language is conventional.

Language is learned.

Language changes.

What are the 5 Features of Language?

Language is a system

Language is a vehicle by which the individual is able to receive messages from inside (himself) or outside (others). The individual processes the information inside himself and responds by sending messages through language outside.

Language is symbolic, Adman &Rodler 51

Language is a collection of symbols which possess certain properties (____)

Contains elements which consist of letters, punctuation marks. Elements themselves have NO MEANING, In order to have MEANING they have need to be in their proper sequenc

Example:

Letters can be arranged to form words such as arm, ram, and mar.

Language is conventional.

Language is the means accepted by a large number of people. It is one of the important means by which a group or culture identifies itself.

Language is learned

Each culture creates its own language to modify the general language to meet its own needs.

Language changes

Language is one of the ways by which groups identify themselves. Unique expressions, new words and distinct language patterns are formed from language.

language community.

People who use a language in communicating with one another constitute a society - a _____

dialects

When people of the same native language can understand one another but notice differences in each other's speech, we say they speak ____ of that language.

intonation, vocab differences

The elements of written English language are letters of the alphabet and punctuation marks.

What are the elements of written language?

Those of the spoken language are sounds, pauses, pitch, accent or stress and intonation.

What are the elements of spoken language?

Phonological rules

Syntactic rules

Semantic rules

Regulative rules

What are the four types of rules in language?

Phonological rules

_______ govern the formation of sounds into words

Syntactic rules

____govern the arrangement of words into sentences

Semantic rules

_____ govern the way in which the speakers of language interpret or attach meaning to a particular symbol.

Regulative rules

_____ govern the appropriate interpretation of a message in a given context.

Language is a creative act

We are not born with a language; we must learn it. Each generation in one language community learns the language from older members, but they may not learn all the words and meanings. Language changes. So, some words and meanings cease to be useful and younger generations invent new words and attach new meanings to existing ones.

Meanings are in people, not words

When words are transmitted between communicators, only sound and light waves reach them. Meaning cannot be delivered like a bouquet of flowers or box of chocolates. Hence, when you say a word, four listeners can interpret in four ways depending on their social, cultural, individual orientations and schemes.

Language is culture-bound

Words do not have meanings, but are capable of conveying meanings to people of the same culture - people who can perceive, identify and interpret them.

What is Perception?

To be able to understand what somebody says, we must first perceive the utterance. This means that we have to hear it spoken or see it written.

What is Identification?

We must also identify its elements and this is possible only if we, the speaker/s and the listener/s, belong to the same culture and language community.

Interpretation

We still need to interpret it.

Conditions:

We have information about what has previously been said.

We know the speaker.

We are familiar with the context of the utterance.

Langauge develops attitudes

The words we use actualize the way we look at the things around us; hence, they affect the way we behave.

Language mirrors attitudes.

The way we use words show our feelings of control, attraction, responsibility and the like.

What is effective oral language?

Effective oral language is clear and appropriate.

When is language clear?

Our language is clear when it is grammatically correct and when it uses exact, simple and easy-to-understand words.

What should be considered when using oral language?(4)

Language must be appropriate to:

listeners

occasion

purpose

speaker

How should language be appropriate to listeners?

Our language is appropriate to our listeners if it meets their needs and expectations - their age, education, occupation and sex

Avoid profane or vulgar expression

Exclude from your language, profane or vulgar expressions, because their use is more likely to damage than to strengthen relationships.

ethical

Use _____ language, one that does not offend others and perpetuates outdated sex roles, racial stereotypes and bias

Assess whether the word or phrase is appropriate.

Pause and brainstorm alternatives.

Select the most appropriate word

What are the 3 steps before speaking?

How can facility in the use of language be developed

?

:

We can hone our language skills; we only need to have the determination, willingness and patience to attain it

Develop “the dictionary habit.”

Keep a notebook of new words.

Record their meaning, pronunciation, and sample sentence

Memorize and practice them

Use them in writing and speaking

How can you increase your vocabulary?

.

How can you study the language style of skilled writers and speakers?

Observe useful expressions and imitate how skilled speakers and writers use and arrange words. Record them and use them in your own speaking and writing

How can you practice writing and speaking?

Keep a personal journal.

Speak the language with friends.

Talk to yourself in private.

Read orally for at least five minutes daily.

1. increase your vocabular

2. study the language style of skilled writer or speaker

3. Practice writing and speaking

suggestuon may prove helpful for a long term personal development program:

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

The ____is used to represent the sounds of spoken English.

Articulation

____ is the formation of discrete individual sounds.

The process of forming individual speech sounds.

articulators

The ______ (tongue and lower lip) are the movable organs of the vocal tract involved in articulation.

tounge and lower lip

articulators/ movable organs are

Tongue front

Tongue tip

Tongue dorsum/back

Tongue root

Tongue center

What are the 5 parts of the tongue?

Pharynx

Oral cavity

Nasal cavity

What are the 3 resonance chambers?

larynx

Voice is produced in the ____.

phonation

This vibration (called _____) produces a weak sound that is then made louder or resonated as it travels through the pharynx (throat) and mouth (oral cavity) or nose (nasal cavity).

Consonants

_____ are articulated or shaped when there is an attempt to close or obstruct the passageway of air

Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

Voicing

What are the 3 factors involved in articulation of consonants?

Bilabials

are formed by pressing the lower lip near or against the upper lip

Labiodentals

are formed by pressing the lower lip near the upper teeth

Dentals

are formed by pressing the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.

Alveolars

are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue near the alveolar ridge.

Alveopalatals

are formed by pressing the front of the tongue near the hard palate.

Velars

are formed with the back of the tongue against the velum.

Glottal

is formed by narrowing of the glottis so the air that passes causes friction but does not have sufficient vibration to produce voice.

Manner of Articulation

_______ refers to how the sound is produced.

Stops

are formed by completely closing the oral and nasal cavities and opening the mouth with explosion.

Nasals

are formed by the explosion of the vocalized breath stream through the nose instead of through the mouth

Fricatives

are formed by forcing air in a continuous stream through a restricted passageway.

Affricates

_______ are formed by rapidly combining the movements of the stop and fricative that two sounds are heard as one unit.

Semivowels

___ are formed by a smooth but rapid and marked movement of the tongue and lips during sound production

Lateral

___ is formed with the tongue's tip pressed lightly against the upper teeth thus allowing the vocalized breath stream to laterally pass over both sides of the tongue and out of the mouth.

Voicing

____ is the vibration or nonvibration of vocal cords.

voiced sounds

When vocal cords are drawn together, the passing air pushes them apart and creates vibration producing voiced (or +v) sounds.

voiceless sound

When vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes through them freely, producing voiceless (or -v) sounds.

Vowel sounds

____ are produced without any attempt to block the airstream; hence, there is free flow of air.

Jaw height

Tongue position

Muscle condition

Lip shape

What are the 4 factors in vowel articulation?

:

Front vowels

____ are formed by placing the front of the tongue higher than other parts of the tongue.

Central vowels

______ are formed by neither raising the front or back of the tongue.

Back vowels

are formed in which the tongue's back is higher than other tongue parts.

High vowels

_____ are formed by raising which part of the tongue at a relatively high level

Lower-high vowels

____ are formed by raising which part of the tongue at a relatively lower-high level.

Mid vowels

___ are formed by raising which part of the tongue at a relatively middle level

Low vowels

_____ are formed by keeping low a part of the tongue.

Rounded vowels

_____ are formed by positioning a circular or somewhat circularly opening both upper and lower lips

Unrounded vowels

______ are not formed by a circular opening of both upper and lower lips.

Tense vowels

_____ are formed by tauting the muscles of the tongue and neck

Lax vowels

_______ are formed by relaxing the muscles of the tongue and neck.

Tense: muscles are tight.

Lax: muscles are relaxed

What is the difference between Tense and Lax vowels?

.

diphthongs

Each of the three ____ consists of two combined vowels. The gliding of the first vowel to the second one is so fast that the two are taken as just one sound