bio ch6

resolution

ability to observe 2 objects next to each other as distinct from each other

contrast

how different one structure looks from another

magnification

ratio btwn the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size

bright field microscopy

light passes directly thru sample

phase contrast microscopy

microscope amplifies differences in phase of light transmitted by sample

transmission electron microscope

beam of electrons transmitted thru sample, thin slices stained w heavy metals

scanning electron microscope

sample coated with heavy metals, beam scans surface to make 3d image

prokaryotic cells

simple, small, no nucleus, have ribosomes, most have cell wall outside of plasma membrane, includes bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic cells

complex, dna in membrane bound nucleus, have cytoskeleton

how does cell size and shape affect the surface area/ volume ratio

as cell size inc, its volume inc faster than its surface area

plant cell features

have chloroplast, central vacoule, cell wall

animal cell features

lysosomes, cilia, flagella, centrosomes

cytosol

outside cell organelle but inside plasma membrane, includes everything inside plasma membrane, does metabolic activities of all cells

cytoskeleton

for support and maintain cellular structure

motor proteins

use atp for energy of movement, they convert chemical energy to mechanical work to move along cells internal scaffolding

appendages

outside plasma membrane, have pilli for attachment and flagella for movement

nucleus

in center of cell, stores and protects dna and control cell action, in all eukaryotic cells, has outer, inner membrane, and nuclear pores

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

attached to nuclear envelope, synthesize lipids, has membranes and tubules, found in eukaryotes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

around nucleus, covered in ribosomes, export proteins, in eukaryotes

ribosomes

inside plasma membrane, synthesize proteins, assemble in nucleolus, in eukaryotes

golgi apparatus

in cytoplasm, stacks of flattened membranous sacs, secretion, processing, and protein sorting, in eukaryotes

lysosomes

in cytoplasm, membrane sac of hydrolytic enzyme, breakdown substances, in animal cells

vacuoles

inside cytoplasm, large membrane bounded vesicle, for storage and support, in plant cells

peroxisomes

metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane, catalyze reactions, in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

mitochondria

bounded by double membrane, does cellular respiration, in cytoplasm of eukaryotes

chloroplast

two membranes around fluid stroma, photosynthesis, in cytoplasm of plant cells