Human Anatomy Knowt Unit 2

What are hte two openings of the thorax?

Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) and Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)

What is the function of superior thoracic aperture

transmits trachea, esophagus, aortic arch/branches, superior vena vaca and nerves/BVs to and from the neck

What is the function of the inferior thoracic aperture

contains diaphgragm and transmits esophagus, aorta, inferior vena cava, nerves and BVs to and from abdomen

What are the 3 parts of the sternum

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

What bounds the inferior thoracic aperture?

Xiphesternal joint and costal margins (7-10) anteriorly, T12 posteriorly, 12th ribs laterally

What bounds the superior thoracic aperture?

Sternal manubrium and costal cartilages anteriorly, T1 posteriorly, and 1st ribs laterally

What structures transmit through the superior thoracic aperture

apices of right and left lung, subclavian arteries/veins, trachea, esophagus, vagus nerves, sympathetic trun, phrenic nerves

What is the joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

Manubriosternal joint AKA the sternal angle

What does the sternal angle help us find?

The 2nd rib

What is the little scoop out in your manubrium called?

Jugular notch

Why is the 2nd rib important?

That tells us where the top of the heart is

What is it called, if at the sternal angle you draw a transverse plane into the body from that line? What vertebrate does it intersect at the back?

The transthoracic plane. Intersects at the disc between T4 and T5 (4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae)

What structures are found that intersect in the transthoracis plane as it goes from the sternal angle to the back of the body?

“RATPLAT” R - rib #2, A - aorta (where aortic arch begins and ends), T - trachea bifurcation, P - pulmonary artery split, L - ligamendum arteriosum, A - Azygous vein, T - Thoracic duct

What is the largest artery in the human body

The aorta, about an inch in diameter

Where does the trachea split

the carina

Describe what the left recurrent laryngeal nerve does

from the vagus nerve, loops underneath the arch of the aorta, comes right alongside the trachea to go into the voicebox to innervate the muscles that produce sound

If somebody had a tumor/mass at the sternal angle region or aneurysm in aortic arch

Couldcomrpess left recurrent laryngeal nerve since it goes under and around the aorta, thats why it’s significant to know it begins as its looping under arch of the aorta

What is the ligamentum arteriosum (L) in RAT PLAT

fibrous chord that is not functional anymore, remnant of fetal circulation called ductus arteriosis, which allowed blood to bypass the lungs from the aorta while the lungs were not functional. This tube collapses when fetus breathes

What is the Azygous vein

it collects venous blood from the posterior chest wall in the back of the ribs, so back of thoracic cavity, and drains the posterior chest wall and vertebrae, and then goes into the superior vena cava.

What happens at the thoracic duct

Tube that takes lymph fluid and puts it back into circulation at the subclavian vein

how many pairs of ribs do we have

12

Pairs 1-7 of the rib cage are called what

True ribs

Pairs 8-12 of the rib cage are called what

False ribs

What are pairs 11-12 of the rib cage called

Floating ribs

What does “false ribs” mean

A false rib does not have a direct attachment to the sternum

Where are the clavicles

Attached to the manubrium of the sternum at the clavicular notches

What is the significance of the “straight” end of a rib ?

The straight end is what is connecting to the costal cartilage, which is what is attaching to the sternum.

What is the “rounded” end of the rib called?

The rib head, which is anchored to the vertebrae

What ribs articulate with only one vertebrae?

Ribs 1, 10, 11, 12 (meaning these have their OWN vertebrae that they attach to); The other ribs share vertebrae

when x ray beam is generated, structures that are dense and hard absorb those x rays so it never gets to tehfilm to expose it, which is why it shows up as white.

What is the space behind the breast called?

The retromammary space

What hormone is in control over the glands in the breast that release milk?

Prolactin, produced in the anterior pituitary gland

Milk is released to the:

lactiferous ducts and out of the nipple

What ligaments hold the breast tissue to the thoracic wall

Suspensory ligaments

What are the 4 quadrants of the breasts and each quadrant’s percentage of where we find the nodules?

Upper outer 60%, Upper inner 15%, Lower inner 15%, Lower outer 10%

What is the continuation of the upper outer breast quadrant called that extends into the armpit?

Tail of Spence

What is IN the tail of spence?

A chain of lymph nodes, which is how breast cancer can spread through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body

What are the two major BVs supplying the breast?

Subclavian artery, axillary artery

What goes off of the subclavian artery?

Subclavian artery is beneath the clavicle, and internal thoracic (internal mammary a.) artery drops straight down, and then the medial mammary arteries branch off of this

The axillary artery is a continuation of :

the subclavian artery.

What comes off of the axillary artery

lateral thoracic artery, and then off of that is the lateral mammary arteries

How is the breast supplied with blood ultimately?

The terminal branches of the medial and lateral mammary arteries

The external intercostal muscles:

are animals muscles of respiration, responsible for inspiration

The internal intercostal muscles:

are responsible for expiration.

The external intercostal muscles run ____

inferomedially, running down in the same direction as if you’re putting your hands in your pockets

The internal intercostals run ____

superomedially, running up in the opposite direction as the hands in the pockets. Up into the chin

How does the external intercostal run?

Runs from the transverse process of the vertebrae, come around the front to the mammary line (midpoint of clavicle)

How does the internal intercostal run?

INternal intercostal runs from the sternum to the scapular line on the back, while the innermost intercostal runs from the mammary line to scapular line (little bit shorter)

Starting at skin, say what layer by layer we would see going in at the chest

skin, superficial fascia external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura which is contacting lung.

Is air in the pleural cavity?

NO, it is not filled with air. It is filled with fluid

What is the medical term for when a lung collapses

Atelectasis

Between what two chest layers are the intercostal vein artery and nerve located?

Between the inner intercostal muscle and the innermost intercostal muscle

Vein, artery, and nerve together make up what structure

Neurovascular bundle

What is the groove found on the rib where the intercostal neurovascular bundle is protected by the rib?

costal groove

The intercostal neurovascular bundle is ______ to the intercostal space…. why is that important ?

superior. If a patient comes in with atelectasis (lung collapse), when you’re entering a chest tube to reinflate the lung you DONT want to cut into the nuerovascular bundle. Or if they have an infection in the pleural cavity and you’re drawing fluid out to test it, you don’t want to cut into the neurovascular bundle. So do NOT insert needles high in the intercostal space

The visceral and parietal pleura are _____

stuck together via adhesion

Nerve fibers coming out of C3, C4, and C5 form the :

phrenic nerve, which goes downj to the diaphgram. carries sensory signals from the chest/diaphgram, controls breathing

When we breathe in, the diaphgram goes: _____, and the ______ is in control of this. Size of the lung:

down. phrenic nerve. Size of the lung gets bigger, pressure decreases and therefore air goes in (high to low pressure)

What are the accessory respiration muscles that help with inspiration (breathing in)?

external intercostals, Sternocleidomastoid muscle, levatores costarum, pectoralis major and minor. Diaphgram does other 80%

What are the accessory respiration muscles that help with expiration (breathing out)?

Internal and innermost intercostals, any muscle with the word abdominis (rectus abdominis, external/internal adbdominal oblique, trasnversus abdominus)…

What part of the parietal pleura contacts the diaphragm

Diaphragmatic pleura

What is the part of the parietal pleura that is touching the ribs, or covering the lungs?

Costal pleura

What is the part of the parietal pleura that is inside the lungs and contacting the heart?

Mediastinal pleura

What type of parietal pleura is high up in the apex of the lung?

Cervical pleura

What are the 4 types of parietal pleura

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, cervical

What is the tippity top/point of the lung called?

Apex

What is the broad portion at the bottom of the lung called?

Base

What are the lobes of the right lung?

Superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Superior and inferior lobe

Which lung is bigger and why?

The right lung, because the heart is on the left which is why we lose the middle lobe of the left lung during development

What are the lobes of the lung separated by?

Fissures

What fissure(s) separate what lobes on the right lung?

Horizontal fissure separates superior and middle lobe, while oblique fissure separates middle and inferior lobe

What fissure(s) separates what lobes on the left lung?

Oblique fissure separates superior and inferior lobe

what is the point at which the trachea splits called?

carina

At the carina, the trachea splits into the :

left and right primary bronchus

As the brochioles continue to split and get smaller, what are the names?

Primary bronchus—> secondary bronchus —> tertiary bronchus —> bronchioles —> terminal bronchioles—> respiratory bronchioles —> alveolar duct —> alveolus

Name all impressions in the right lung

azygos vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, esophagus, liver

Name all impressions on the left lung

arch of the aorta and descending aorta, left subclavian artery, stomach and spleen

The pulmonary artery is ______ to the primary bronchus

anterior on the right lung, superior on the left lung

What CN is sensory, sense of smell, olfactory bulbs that terminate into filaments piercing cribriform plate?

Olfactory Nerve (CNI)

When CN is sensory, vision, not a true nerve but an extension of the brain?

Optic Nerve (CNII)

What CN is responsible for pupillary constriction in the presence of bright light?

Oculomotor (CN III)

What CN is responsible for lens accomodation (focusing)

Oculomotor (CN III)

What CN originates in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the forebrain?

Oculomotor (CN III)

Where do Cranial Nerves exit the skull?

Foramen

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS vs PNS?

CNS: Nucleus PNS: Ganglion

What CN is responsible for the movement of ONE eye muscle: Superior oblique

Trochlear (CN IV)

What CN is the smallest of the cranial nerves?

Trochlaer (CN IV)

What CN is responsible for downward and lateral movement of the eyeball?

Trochlear (CN IV)

What is the longest of the cranial nerves?

Trochlear (CN IV)

What is the sensory component of the trigeminal?

Sensory to the face

What is the motor component of trigeminal nerve (CN V) ?

Muscles of mastication, NOT muscles of facial expression which is facial nerve

Where is nucleus of trigeminal nerve (CN V) ?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

What is the largest of the cranial nerves?

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

What cranial nerves has 3 divisions; V1 Opthalmic, V2 Maxillary, and V3 Mandibular?

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

What cranial nerve is responsible for the blink reflex?

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

What are the 3 fibers of the trigeminal nerve?

V1 - Opthalmic, V2 - Maxillary, V3 - Mandibular

What nerves belong to the V1 Opthalmic Fiber of the Trigeminal Nerve?

LISSE, Lacrimal, Infratrochlear, External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal, Supraorbital, Supratrochlear

What nerves belong to the V2 Maxillary Fiber of the Trigeminal Nerve?

ZIZ , Infraorbital, Zygomaticofacial, Zygomaticotemporal

What nerves belong to the V3 Mandibular Fiber of the Trigeminal Nerve?

BAM, Buccal, Auriculotemporal, Mental