Anatomy Exam 2

Among these nutrients, which one requires digestion before being absorbed by the digestive system? check all that apply.

triglycerides

glycogen

cellulose

starches

proteins

What kind of molecule are starches?

A plant based carbohydrate - polysaccharide

Is it possible to have diet completely devoid of DNA?

No

Is it possible to have a completely fat free diet?

No

Which organ does the bulk of enzymatic digestion?

Small intestine

What kind of molecule is cholesterol?

None of the above (it is a lipid steroid)

It is possible to have a diet completely devoid of proteins

False

What kind of molecule is sucrose?

Disaccharide

Which type of digestion can be done in the mouth?

Enzymatic and mechanical

What kind of molecule are triglycerides?

A molecule containing fatty acids

Which of the following can be used as a fermentation chamber by animals?

Rumen, cecum, and colon

Why is the SA node, rather than the AV node or Purkinje fibers, the heart's pacemaker?

 

It is the largest node in the heart

 

It is directly connected to the brain

 

Its slow climb is the fastest, so it reaches threshold first and resets the other cells

 

It is the only tissue with funny channels

Its slow climb is the fastest, so it reaches the threshold first and resets the other cells

What causes the plateau phase of the contractile myocyte action potential?

 

Na⁺ entering through funny channels balances K⁺ entering

 

All channels close at once

 

Ca²⁺ entering through L-type channels balances K⁺ leaving the cell

 

Gap junctions stop passing ions

Ca2+ entering through L-type channels balances K+ leaving the cell

Which channel opens when a contractile myocyte reaches threshold?

 

L-type Ca²⁺ channels

 

Fast voltage-gated Na⁺ channels

 

Funny channels

 

T-type Ca²⁺ channels

Fast voltage-gated Na+ channels

How does acetylcholine from the vagus nerve slow the heart?

 

It blocks gap junctions between myocytes

 

It opens more funny and Ca²⁺ channels, steepening the slow climb

 

It raises the resting potential of contractile myocytes to −70 mV

 

It opens extra K⁺ channels and reduces the funny current, flattening the slow climb

It opens extra K⁺ channels and reduces the funny current, flattening the slow climb

What is 4?

SA node

 

right bundle branch

 

AV node

 

Purkinje fibers

 

left bundle branch 

 

bundle of His

AV node

What happens to the heart during period 3?

 

ventricles contracts and send blood to the lungs and other organs

 

heart is relaxed and atria fill in with blood

 

atria contracts and the ventricles fill up with blood

Atria contracts and the ventricles fill up with blood

A decrease in heart rate, as seen during sleep and hibernation, is called:

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

Stenosis

Regurgitation

Bradycardia

An increase in heart rate during exercise, fever or stress is called:

 

Fibrillation

 

Bradycardia

 

Tachycardia

 

AV block

Tachycardia

Where is the right ventricle?

C

The ridges that make the inside of the cardiac chambers uneven are called:

 

Chordae tendineae

 

Auricles

 

Intercalated discs

 

Trabeculae

Trabeculae

Where is the atrium?

B

Which layer makes up the bulk of the heart and is the source of its contractions?

 

Visceral pericardium

 

Myocardium

 

Endocardium

 

Fibrous pericardium

Myocardium

Where is the left pulmonary artery?

I

Where are the right pulmonary veins?

L

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?

Four (two left and two right)

During ventricular systole (step 3), which valves are pushed open?

 

All four valves

 

The AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

 

The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

 

No valves; they all close

The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

Which sequences correctly traces the flow of blood through the heart?

Venae cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

The main role of the atria is to fill up the ventricles (T or F)

True

When a text says 'systole' or 'diastole' without naming a chamber, which chambers should you assume it refers to?

 

The ventricles

 

Both atria and ventricles together

 

The atria

 

The auricles

The ventricles