biol2

Photoautotrophs

have chloroplasts including cholophylls abc and/or phycobilin that get nutrients self made from photosynthesis

Heterotroph

absorb organic material or ingest for energy

mixotrophs

combines photosynthesis and heterotropic nutrition

mitochondria

evolved by endosymbiosis or aerobic prokaryote

plastids

organelles in plants that store food and compounds

evolved endosymbiosis photosynthetic cyanobacterium

green alga

evolved into euglenids and cholarchniphytes

red alga

evolved into stramenopiles and alveolates

nucleomorph

nuclear pore like gap with plastids membrane

kleptoplasty

sucking contents of algae, using chloroplasts alive to use its benefits

nitroplast

fixes nitrogen from inorganic to organic

chlorophyll

pigment absorbing light for photosynthesis

abc

phycobilins

pigments like cholorphyll in red algae and cyanobacteria (blue green)

Cell wall (protist)

either cellulose silica, proteins or none

euglenids

kinetoplastid from green alga with:

contractile- pumps water

pellicle- cell wall protein bands for sturcture

eyespot- onyl light form one direction to go towards light

kinetoplastid

one mitochondrion with mass of DNA kinetoplast

Trypanosoma

kinetoplastid causing disease:

Tsetse fly: african sleeping disease

reduviid/ triatomine bug: american chagas disease

SAR alliance

they have a monophyletic group. A+S from red alga

Diatoms

stramenopila so cholorophyll a+c

glass like silica cell wall so at bottom of ocean like fossils

both reproduction styles

Brown algae

stramenopile so cholorphyll a+c

seaweeds and kelps

cell wall cellulose

Dinoflagellate

alveolate so cholorophyll a+c

cell wall cellulose

causes red blooms + shellfish poison

Plasmodium

alveolate with NO PIGMENTS

NO CELL WALL

apicoplast

NO PHOTO OR AUTO

causes malaria

Ciliata

Dikarotic alveolata

-macro and micor nuclei

use cilia to move

Paramecium

ciliate (alveolata) heterotrophic

NO PLASTIDS OR CELL WALL

Rhizarians

use filose thread pseudopdia to move

foraminiferans/forams: porous shells of calcium carbonate TESTS

-filose extend through tests

-fossil record from calcium carbonate

Amoebozoans

rhizaria

tube (lobose) pseudopodia not filose

Gymnamoeba

amoeba

heterotropic

eats bacteria and other protists

entamoebae

amoeba

heterotropic

NO PLASTIDS OR CELL WALL

Porphyra

nori red algae

Green algae

CHolorphyta

charophyta- sister to land plants/streptyphyta

Fungi cell walls

made of chitin

Arbuscules

Fungi’s hyphae allowing to exchange nutrients with plants

Haustroria

hyphae, thread filaments making fungi, penetrate nematodes for their tissue

Mycellium

little root like things spreading over forest in fungi

Ascomycetes

yeast, morels, truffle

have sac called ASCUS

sac/cup fungi

Basidomycetes

muschrooms, puffballs

clublike basdium

basdiocarp: gills where basdia (n+n) are

Lichen

mutualism between fungus, alga, or cyanobacterium=

dervied traits of plante

none in chlorophytes but in charophytes:
phragmoplast -new cell wall in plant division

apical meristems:vertical growth

embryos

waxy epidermis

alternated generation

gametangia

male- antheridia

female- archegonia

apical meristems

growing region of actively dividing cells at root tips

Diplobiontic

alternation of generation, changes from haploid to diploid stages

Moss

non vascular- no xylem or phloem

Sphagnum (peat)

moss used to pack battle wounds

Ferns

homosporus vascular

cellulose cell wall

antheridium: male

archegonium: female

Gymnospems

pinus

seeds and pollen in cones

Angiosperms

produce flowers and have fruit surrounding their seeds

reproduction of angiosperms

stamen: anther + filament

carpel: stigma, style, ovary(fruit), ovule (seed)

double fertilization

Endosperm

Formation of polar cells and extra sperm for 3N extra nutrition for embryo

Monocot stem

atactostele scattered vascular bundles

has ground tissue instead of pith

dicot stem

eustele ring of vascular bundles

has a pith

Parenchyma

thin no secondary walls

divide and differentiate

Collenchyma

thick bbut no secondary wall

flexible support

sclerenchyma

rigid from secondary cell wall

dead at maturity

fibers elongated and bundled

xylem

rigid from secondary cell wall

dead at maturity stacked vessels for water movement

phloem

moves sugar

sieve tube-needs companion cells for sink

Meristems

apical: primary

lateral: secondary

secondary growth

2 meristems:

vascular cambium - adds xylem and phloem

and cork cambium- replades epidermis with periderm

dicot root

has vascular cylinder center

pericycle

cortex

endo + epi dermis

monocot root

vascular cylinder center

pericycle

pith in very middle of parenchyma

pericycle

secondary roots arisen from cascular cylinder

Photosynthesis

redox reaction

h2o oxidized

co2 reduced

rubisco

can fix co2 and o2 but with o2 will photorespirate not making rubp to start again

photorespiration

consumes o2 and organic fuel releasing co2, not creating atp or sugar

c4 pathway

pep carboxylase concentrates carbon in bundle sheath so less likely for photorespiration

kranz anatomy

physical separation of c uptake and calvin cycle

CAM

open stomata at night for co2 to conserve water during day like in c4 pathway

pressure water potential

positive pressure increases water potential

negative pressure decreases water potential

turgor pressure

turgid: firm with water moving in

-loss causes wilting

flaccid: equally water is moving in and out

routes of water

Symplastic: living channels of plasmodesmata

Apoplastic: non living, cell walls and spaces in between

casparian strip

waxy layer in endodermis only allowing symplastic transport

Abscisic acid

when low, stoma open

high, stoma closed

Auxin

diffusible substance acting as growth hormone creating bending

Phytochromes

pigments regulating reaction to light