anatomy 2 electric boogaloo

Epinephrine

Increases heart rate, cardiac output, and fuel availability during the sympathetic fight-or-flight response.

Norepinephrine

Promotes vasoconstriction and elevates blood pressure under sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Pancreatic alpha cells

Islet cells that synthesize and release glucagon to elevate blood glucose concentrations.

Pancreatic beta cells

Islet cells that synthesize and release insulin to decrease blood glucose concentrations.

Pancreatic delta cells

Islet cells that produce somatostatin to suppress both insulin and glucagon secretion.

PP (F) cells

Pancreatic cells that produce a polypeptide regulating gastrointestinal functions and pancreatic secretions.

Glucagon

Pancreatic hormone that raises circulating glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose production in the liver.

Insulin

Pancreatic hormone that lowers circulating glucose by facilitating cellular uptake and promoting glycogen synthesis.

Melatonin

Pineal hormone whose release is stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light to coordinate circadian sleep-wake cycles.

Thymosins

Peptides produced behind the sternum that promote the development, differentiation, and maturation of T-lymphocytes.

Estrogens

Ovarian hormones responsible for female reproductive tract maintenance, secondary sex characteristics, and endometrial proliferation.

Progesterone

Ovarian hormone that specifically prepares and maintains the functional lining of the uterus for pregnancy.

Testosterone

Testicular steroid hormone that promotes male reproductive development, secondary sex characteristics, and sperm production.

Inhibin

Gonadal peptide hormone that provides negative feedback to suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion.

Relaxin

Ovarian hormone that increases flexibility and prepares maternal reproductive structures for childbirth.