a&p ch 1&2

what nitrogenous base pairs with adenine

thymine and uracil

fatty acid with only single covalent bonds

saturated

levels of organization from least to most complex

smallest unit of matter that retains properties and characteristics of an element

glucose, fructose, & ribose are examples of

starch and glycogen are examples of

hydrophobic components of a phospholipid

electrolytes that are hydrogen ion donors

electrolytes that are hydrogen ion acceptors

acts as a solvent for ionic compounds in body fluids

substances that cannot be split into simpler substances

found in the valence shell of an atom

made up of amino acids

double helix structure

Solution A has a pH of 7.08, and Solution B has a pH of 7.41 Compare hydrogen ions, acid/base, prescense in human body

Amino acids

anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

regional

all structures in one part of the body (ex abdomen or leg)

systemic

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

surface

study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

microscopic

cytology (cell) and histology (tissues)

developmental

studies changes over time

embryology

study of developmental changes before birth

pathological anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease

radiographic anatomy

study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning (ex x-ray)

molecular biology

study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level (organelles)

operation of endocrine system

hormones

operation of endocrine system

hormones

operation of nervous system

brain, sc, nerves

operation of cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels

operation of integumentary system

skin

operation of skeletal system

bones

operation of muscular system

muscles, movement

operation of lymphatic system

dealing with ECF

operation of respiratory system

gasses (o2, co2)

operation of digestive system

absorption of nutrients

operation of urinary system

elimination of nitrogenous wastes

operation of reproductive system

reproducing

physics in physiology

electrical currents, blood pressure, how muscles use bones for movement

principle of complementarity

function always reflects structure, what a structure can do depends on its specific form

levels of organization (sm to lrg)

subatomic - atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ - system - organism

eleven systems of human body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic (immune system), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

integumentary system

forms external body covering, composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails, protects deep tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin d

skeletal system

composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments. protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles, site of blood cell formation, stores minerals

muscular system

composed of muscles and tendons. allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression. maintains posture, produces heat

nervous system

composed of brain, spinal chord, nerves. fast acting control system of body. responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

endocrine system

composed of glands. secretes hormones that regulate body processes (growth, reproduction, metabolism)

cardiovascular system

composed of heart & blood vessels. heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood throughout body

lymphatic system

composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, & lymphatic vessels. picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & returns it to blood. disposes of debris in lymphatic system. houses white blood cells involved with immunity

respiratory system

composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide.

digestive system

composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, liver. breaks down food into absorbable units to enter blood, eliminates indigestible food as feces

urinary system

composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water electrolyte and pH balance of blood

reproductive system (male)

composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens or vas deferens. main function is production of offspring. testes produce sperm & male sex hormones, ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

reproductive system (female)

composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina. main function is production of offspring. ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus. mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn

what are the necessary life functions?

1. maintaining boundaries: internal environment remains distinct from external environment. cellular - plasma membrane. organismal - skin.

2. movement: locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), contractility

3. responsiveness: ability to sense & respond to changes in environment

4. digestion: breakdown of ingested food

5. metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring in body

6. excretion: removal of wastes

7. reproduction: cellular (cell division), organismal (combination of sperm & egg to form new person)

8. growth: increase in size of a body part or organism

survival needs

1. nutrients (energy & cell building - PROs, CHOs, lipids)

2. oxygen (metabolic reactions)

3. water (provides environment for chemical reactions - 60-80% of body weight)

4. normal body temperature (necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates)

5. atmospheric pressure (required for proper breathing, gas exchange in lungs)

homeostasis

ability to maintain a stable internal environment in changing outside world (dynamic state of equilibrium. chemical, thermal, and neural factors)

homeostatic control mechanisms

receptor: monitors environments and responds to changes (stimuli), control center: determines set point at which variable is maintained, effector: provides means to respond to stimuli

homeostatic control mechanisms

negative feedback

output shuts off original stimulus, maintains homeostasis. example: blood pressure

positive feedback

output enhances or exaggerates original stimulus (example: parturition, giving birth)

homeostatic imbalance

disturbance to normal equilibrium. overwhelming usual negative feedback allows destructive positive feedback to take over

anatomical position

body erect, feet slightly forward, palms forward, thumbs facing away from body. standard reference point for directional terms

directional terms

• Superior

• Inferior

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Medial

• Lateral

• Intermediate

• Ipsilateral

• Contralateral

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

body planes

sagittal- divides into L/R (midsagittal or medial lies on midline, parisagittal divides into unequal parts)

frontal or coronal- divides into anterior/posterior parts

transverse- divides into superior/inferior parts

oblique- cuts made diagonally

anatomical variability

humans vary slightly in internal and external anatomy. nerves/blood vessels may be out of place, small muscles may be missing. seldom extreme anatomical variations, over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook definition

ventral body cavity membranes

parietal serosa or layer - lines internal body walls

visceral serosa or layer - covers internal organs

serous fluid - separates serosae, acts as lubricant

atom

smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of its element

stable atoms

nuclear structure does not change over time, 8 electrons in the valence shell

unstable atom

unpaired electron makes it highly reactive to nearby molecules (often destructive)

isotopes

different atomic form of same element, vary only in # of neutrons they contain, heavier species tend to be radioactive

radioactivity

spontaneous decay seen in heavier isotopes - particles or energy emitted from nucleus leading to atom becoming more stable