fibal fiabl biollehy

Superior Vena Cava

drains blood from upper body

Antibody

identifies and neutralizes foreign substances

antigen

substance which induces an immune response in the body

aorta

ductus arteriosus

Shunts mixed blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta

atrioventricular valve

connects atrium to ventricle

AV node

delays signals from atria to allow ventricles to fill properly

capillary-tissue fluid exchange

movement of water and solutes between blood and tissues

carotid artery

chordae tendineae

connects AV valves to ventricular muscle

coronary artery

provides blood to heart muscle

coronary vein

returns blood from heart muscle

fetal circulation

hepatic portal vein

carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and other organs to the liver

hepatic vein

carries blood from liver to vena cava

hypertension

chronic condition where blood pressure is consistently too high

hypotension

chronic condition where blood pressure is consistently too low

iliac artery

iliac vein

drains deoxygenated blood from lower limbs and pelvic organs

jugular vein

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from lung

left ventricle

pumps blood to the body

mesenteric artery

supplies blood to pancreas and intestines

foramen ovale

Shunts oxygenated blood directly from the right atrium to the left atrium

plasma

the pale-yellow, liquid component of blood

platelet

cell fragments essential for blood clotting

inferior vena cava

drains blood from lower body

pulmonary artery

transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

pulmonary trunk

pulmonary vein

transports oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

purkinje fibers

wiring in the heart's electrical conduction system

erythrocyte

red blood cell

renal artery

supplies kidney with blood

renal vein

drains kidneys of deoxygenated blood

right atrium

recieves deoxygenated blood from body

right ventricle

pumps blood into lungs

SA node

heart’s pacemaker

semi-lunar valves

preventing blood backflow into the ventricles from major arteries

aortic valve

ensures one way blood flow to the body from heart

pulmonary valve

ensures one way blood flow to the lungs from heart

septum

separates left and right sides of heart

subclavian artery

provides oxygenated blood to upper body

subclavian vein

returns deoxygenatd blood from upper body

systolic blood pressure

pressure in arteries when the heart contracts and beats

umbilical artery

transports deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta

umbilical vein

carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

valve

regulates one-way flow in blood vessels

vein

carries blood back towards heart

ductus venosus

shunts oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava bypassing the liver

leukocyte

white blood cell

protection, regulation, transportation

3 main functions of blood

placenta

transporting nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removing waste products, transferring between mother’s blood and fetus’ blood

sympathetic nervous system

branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's rapid "fight-or-flight" response to stress, danger, or exercise

parasympathetic nervous system

division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes “rest and digest” activities

extrinsic control

regulation of heart rate and contractility from outside the heart

electrocardiogram

test that records the heart's electrical activity

pericardium

membrane that encloses the heart

DNA

RNA

5’-3’

Polymerase can add nucleotides in ______ order

3’-5’

Polymerase traverses template strand in ______ order

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence that specifies an amino acid

Semi-conservative

DNA is know as ________ because it contains one original and one new strand

tRNA

carries amino acids to ribosome during translation

Frameshift

_____ mutation: caused by insertion or deletion

Silent

_____ mutation: codon changes but refers to the same amino acid

Nonsense

_____ mutation: Codon turns into an end codon

Missense

_____ mutation: Codon turns into another one for a different amino acid

Polymerase chain reaction

lab technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence

golden rice

contains gene from another species that allows it to produce β-carotene

Genomics

study of the complete set of genes

proteomics

study of complete set of proteins

transgenic organism

contains DNA from two or more sources

gene

sequence of DNA that contains a set of instructions on how to build something

proto-oncogene

tells cells when to divide

tumor suppressor gene

regulates cell division

helicase

responsible for unwinding DNA during replication

ligase

joins okazaki fragments together

polymerase

adds nucleotides to new chain of DNA

promoter region

tells polymerase when to start transcribing (at the start of a gene usually)

plasmid

vector that carries gene of interest to host cell

gene therapy

fixing diseases by correcting faulty genes/inserting new, working ones

insulin

produced by transgender bacteria to treat diabetes

ribosome

idk

neuron

nerve cell

G to T transversion

mutation caused by cancer that affects TP53 gene

TP53

provides instructions on how to make the tumor suppressor protein

KRAS

provides instructions on how to make the proto-oncogene protein

gene expression

process of making protein with DNA instructions

tRNA

mRNA

transversion

mutation where purine base (fat one) is substituted for pyrimidine base (skinny one)

transition

mutation where base is substituted for one of the same type

Pharyngitis

causes sore throat, pain swallowing

tonsillitis

causes swollen tonsils, fever, difficulty swallowing

laryngitis

causes horse voice, loss of voice

Sinusitis

causes facial pressure, congestion, headaches

bronchitis

causes coughing, mucus production, wheezing

asthma

causes bronchioles to narrow, air gets trapped, exhaling becomes difficult, less oxygen reaches alveoli