Theriogenology - Exam 4: Get that Bred!

When should you perform a breeding soundness exam in bulls?

30 - 60 days prior to breeding season, every season

T/F: BSE is good for life

False

What is the most economically important factor of cow farms?

High reproductive rate

Other than the PE, what are the three parts of the BSE?

Scrotal circumference

Motility

Morphology

Foot defects only become a problem in BSE if they are unable to do what?

Mount

The scrotum should be symmetrical, and is considered diseased if there is greater than what percent difference?

10%

What is the most common cause of scrotal dermatitis?

Fungal

Scrotal circumference is correlated to what?

Semen production

Starting at 15 months and 30 cm, the scrotal circumference increases by 1 cm in what period of time?

3 months

What are the advantages of a bull with a large scrotal circumference?

Heritability

Earlier puberty in daughters

More product

The sheath should have what two characteristics?

Freely moveable and free of swelling

When palpating the accessory sex glands, which feels like a wedding ring on a giant finger?

Prostate

When palpating the accessory sex glands, which feels like a cluster of grapes?

Vesicular glands

When palpating the accessory sex glands, which feels like a paired tubular structure cranial to the prostate?

Ampullae

What disease is common in young bulls housed together on high grain diets?

Vesiculitis

What is the most commonly isolated pathogen of vesiculitis?

Trueperella pyogenes

Electroejaculation causes manual stimulation of what muscle?

Urethralis

What is the minimum motile percentage required?

30%

What are the three causes of spheroids?

Immaturity, regeneration, and degeneration

What was the most common reason for unsatisfactory classification for BSE?

Poor morphology

What are the two main reasons for morphology abnormalities in bulls?

Heat and stress

What is the most common abnormality of the tail?

Distal midpiece reflex

What is the inciting event for distal midpiece reflex?

Stress

T/F: A BSE in late fall is a good indicator of the soundness in mid summer

False, heat can affect BSE

Eosin-nigrosin, cold slides, prolonged drying, chilled semen, and urine contamination can all cause what?

Hypotonic shock

Pyriform and tapered heads are the result of what?

Environmental insults and testicular hypoplasia

Proximal cytoplasmic droplets occur due to abnormalities in what process?

Spermiogenesis (maturation)

The dag defect is heritable in what breed?

Jersey

A local thickening somewhere along the midpiece is what?

Pseudodroplet

Coiled principal pieces are an indication of what?

Thermal insult

How can you differentiate immature sperm cells from WBC?

Diff-Quick

Immature sperm cells can be due to what three things?

Immaturity, degeneration, or regeneration

The apical region appearing beaded is known as what?

Knobbed acrosome

Invagination of nuclear membrane into nucleoplasm, appearing as dark spots in the nucleus, is what?

Nuclear vacuolation

Multiple nuclear vacuoles at acrosome's post-acrosomal region is known as what?

Diadem defect

T/F: BSE guarantees that the bull if highly fertile, ranks bulls with respect to fertility, and ensure they are free from infectious agents in the semen

False to all

T/F: A ram out of season will have smaller and less firm testes

True

What can hasten puberty onset of the ram?

Ewe exposure

What buck breed reaches puberty quickest?

Pygmy

What is the etiology of pizzle rot?

Corynebacterium renale

What is often the etiology of epidiymitis in a mature ram?

Brucella ovis

What is the definitive diagnostic method for epidiymitis (B. ovis)?

Serology, two tests 4 - 8 weeks apart

A buck over 14 months of age should have a scrotal circumference of at least what?

25 cm

What is a major disadvantage of electroejaculation?

Inconsistent samples, with increased seminal fluid and decreased sperm concentration

What is a major advantage of an artificial vagina?

Physiologically normal sample (compared to EE)

How much ejaculate should you use for a spermiogram?

1 - 2 mL

What motion do sperm move grossly?

Wave like

What number of sperm should you have at 1000x magnification?

100

Cytoplasmic droplets form in what area?

Epididymus

What appearance of sperm indicates fertility?

Thick and creamy

A ram is unsatisfactory if morphology is < __% of normal and motility is < __% of normal

50; 30

What is the ideal serving capacity of a ram?

100 ewes per ram

The head of the epididymis in swine is located (dorsally/ventrally)

Ventrally

What is the most common method of semen collection in swine?

Gloved hand technique

The penis of the swine turns which direction? What about the macho?

Counterclockwise (swine); clockwise (macho)

At what age can you differentiate the testes from the epididymis in the macho?

12 months

Why is post-mating method of semen collection not ideal for infertility work up?

Blood contamination

How are macho's ejaculations described?

Dribble ejaculators

What does semen viscosity depend on?

Amount of seminal plasma

Is penile hair and warts congenital or acquired?

Acquired

Failure of the urethral groove to close causing an abnormal opening in the urethra is what?

Hypospadias

T/F: Slight caudal relocation of the urethral meatus will significantly affect fertility

False

Why is having a short penile bad?

Inadequate length for intromission (that's what she said)

What can cause the appearance of a congenital short penile without actually having one?

Big bellied bulls

Overstimulated young bull (can't relax muscle)

Peripenile adhesions prevent straightening

The bull penis has interdigitating epithelium at birth, which separates at around 8 months. What can cause a premature separation?

Mounting attempts

Why is preamature separation a problem?

Hemorrhage and hematoma formation

Incomplete separation of the penis from the prepuce is what?

Persistent frenulum

How do congenital vascular shunts affect breeding?

Can't achieve full erection, and thus have no progeny

What is the etiology of penile warts?

Bovine papilloma virus

How are penile warts spread?

Homosexual activity of young bulls

What is the etiology of penile hair rings?

Body hair accumulates on penis or homosexual activity of young bulls

T/F: The components of a BSE are similar for all species

True

What is the difference between an inbred and a line bred?

At least inbred was on accident

What is the best way to set up for collection in dogs?

Teaser bitch

What pheromone is used to set up breeding in dogs?

Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate

Manual stimulation of what in the dog can be used for collection?

Cingulum

What erectile tissue starts the erection, and which one completes it?

CSP starts; CPP finishes

What bone allows penetration prior to full erection?

Os penis

What drug given prior to collection helps to increase testosterone?

GnRH

What drug given prior to collection may increase sperm output by causing smooth muscle contractions?

Lutalyse

When should you perform an external reproductive exam?

After collection

What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog?

Prostate

What three things are assessed on semen evaluation?

Motility

Morphology

Sperm number

Dog sperm is expected to have what percent or greater motility?

80%

What is the diagnostic value of preputial culture?

None (unless shipping)

Testing for what disease is always done in the dog before breeding?

Brucellosis

What issue occurs when cats are bred by sterile males?

Pyometra and diestrus (induced)

Which of the following are abnormal breeding behaviors in cats?

Biting scruff

Vocalization

Post coital roll

None are abnormal

How many matings induce an LH surge in cats?

Up to 4

What structure on the cat penis disappears due to lack of testosterone?

Spine

What accessory sex glands do toms have?

Prostate and bulbourethral

What is the best option for semen collection in single-use or untrained toms?

Electroejaculation

Why might a urinary catheter be useful as a form of collection in toms?

25% of the ejaculate normally goes into the tom's bladder

Gait problems in the dog can represent problems with what reproductively?

Prostate

Erection failure can be due to many things, such as fear or pain, but could also be an insufficiency of what?

Androgen (immature, testicular atrophy, intersex)

Ejaculation requires what kind of innervation?

Sympathetic

What is the treatment of ejaculation failure?

GnRH

How can you diagnose retrograde ejaculation?

Cystocentesis (see sperm)

What is the treatment of retrograde ejaculation?

Sympathomimetics

If ejaculate of seminal fluid does not contain spermatozoa, it is called what?

Azoospermia