PHYSIOLOGY Dr, Fahim IUI EXAM 3 REVIEW Chap 10

______ _____ indicates the right eye

Oculus Dextrer

_____ _____ indicates the left eye

Oculus Sinister

perception is apart of the _____ branch of the _____

afferent, PNS

Perception is the ____ ____ of the world

conscious interpretation

Perception can be _____, ____, ____.

Sensory systems, memory, other neural processes (thought)

What detects the external environment?

exteroceptors

Exteroceptors send information from the ___ to the ___

PNS (->) CNS

The internal environment consists of _____ / ____ and _____

interreceptor/visceral receptors, visceral afferents

Function of interreceptor?

detect internal environment

Function of chemoreceptor?

detect blood gases and pH, GI tracts contents

function of baroreceptors?

detect blood pressure

Mechanoreceptors function?

detect GI tract and urinary bladder stretch

The somatosensory system is all ___ ___

general senses

Somesthetic sensations are sensations of the ___?

skin

Proprioception is the perception of ____ and ___ ____

limb, body positions

All of the special senses are ____, ____, ____ and ____, ____, ____.

vision, hearing, balance and equilibrium, taste, smell

Modality is a ____ of energy in the ______

specific form, external environment

There are ____ for each ___

specific receptors, modality

There are specific receptors for each modality. I.e. ____ ____ ____ ____

law of specific energies

_______ _____ is the modality receptor that responds best to a specific stimulus

adequate stimulus

_____ ____ produces the perception of the adequate stimulus

inadequate stimulus

Transduction is the process of ____ energy turning to ____ energy

stimulus, electrical

Receptors or generator potentials create ____ ____?

graded potentials

receptors or generator potentials are triggered by a ____?

stimulus

suprathreshold is meeting the threshold line at around?

-50mV, -55mV

_____ is the main function of the receptor?

transduction

what are the 2 types of receptors?

specialized receptor end of an afferent neuron

specialized receptor cells

Stimulus may inhibit specialized receptor ___?

cells

A specialized receptor end of an afferent neuron is both a ____ and a ____ at the same time

neuron, receptor

Once the specialized receptor cell is stimulated the cell ______ ______ to the neuron

exocytes, neurotransmitter

A _____ will be less likely to respond if there is ____ ____

receptor, constant stimulus

When constant stimulus is on a receptor it causes ___ ____ to stop

graded potential

What are the 2 types of adaptation?

Tonic, Phasic

Tonic receptors have ___ adaptation

slow

Phasic receptions have ____ adaptation

fast

An ____ ____ comes after adaptation

after image

removing stimulus after adaptation will create a _____ ____ ____ giving a fake feeling of a stimulus

initial action potential

Another name for somatosensory cortex is?

sensory homunculus

A sensory unit is a ____ ___ ___ and ___ ____ ___ with it

single afferent neuron, all receptors associated

All receptors are of the ___ type

same

A receptive field is an area in which a sensory unit is ____?

activated

a sensory pathway is divided into __ order neurons

3

The first order neuron is an ____ neuron in the ___

afferent, PNS

The first order neuron goes to the ____ or ____

spinal cord, brainstem

The second order neuron is from the ____ or ____ in the ____

spinal cord, brainstem, CNS

The second order neuron goes to the ____

thalamus

the third order neuron is from the ____ in the _____

Thalamus, CNS

The third order neuro goes to the ___?

cortex

In 1st order neurons all receptors are from ____ ____?

receptive fields

1st order neurons may synapse with ____ interneurons

multiple

2nd order neurons may receive input from multiple _____ ____ neurons

1st order

2nd order neurons ______ in the brain stem and spinal cord

synapse

3rd order neurons ______ in the thalamus

synapse

To code for a stimulus types a ____ type must be _____

receptor, activated

To code for a stimulus types a receptor type must be activated through ____ through a _____ ____ for ____ of sensory information

modality, specific pathway, integration

______ of sensory information may produce ____ sensation

combinations, unique

There are no receptors for?

wet

The frequency of coding is the ____ of ______

frequency of action potentials

Frequency of action potentials is based on the ____ of the initial ___?

strength, stimulus

Frequency of action potentials is based on the strength of the initial stimulus and if it passes the ____ or ____ and the ____ of the stimulus

threshold, suprathreshold, duration

During relative refractory period an ______ can occur but only if the stimulus is _____

action potential, suprathreshold

In recruitment a ____ stimulus activates more ____

stronger, receptors

In recruitment a stronger stimulus activates more receptors which can be from the ___ or other ____ neurons

same, afferent

To code stimulus location you need ____

acuity

Acuity is the___ with which a ___ is perceived

precision, stimulus

Acuity is based on _____ _____ in somatic senses and vision

receptive fields

2 factors of acuity

size of receptive field

degree of overlap

The brain has a harder time detecting the location of a stimulus when?

When the stimulus is in the overlap of two receptive fields

Lateral neurons have _____ that reach the _____ neuron

collaterals, medial

Between 3 receptive fields the ____ will detect the greatest stimulus

middle

Middle neurons will have ____ that will ___ the action potential of stimulus coming from the lateral neurons

collaterals, inhibit

The middle neuron inhibits action potential to make the message/stimulus ____

sharper

Two point discrimination measure ____ ____

tactile acuity

Two point discrimination has a two point ____

threshold

Two point discrimination allows the ability to perceive two points on the ___

skin

Two point discrimination is dependent on the ____ ____ and ____

receptive field, acuity

In some sensory systems (olfactory/sound) localization is unrelated to ____ by receptive fields

coding

Olfaction codes for ____ and ___

quality, intensity

Hearing relies on ___ and ___

pitch, loudness

proprioceptors function

muscle join movement

mechanoreceptors function

vibration and pressure

thermoreceptors

temperature

nociceptors function

pain

Mechanoreceptor are ______ adapting and ____ adapting

rapidly, slowly

What are the rapidly adapting receptors

Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles and hair follicle receptors

pacinian corpuscle and meissners corpuscle both ____ vibration

detect

hair follicles receptors detect ___

bending

what are the slowly adapting receptors

free nerve endings and merkels disk, and ruffinis ending

slowly adapting receptors detect _____ like ____

pressure, touch

What receptor is Thermoreceptors?

transient receptor potential ion channels (TRP)

Transient receptor potential ion channels (TRP) responds to _____ and some ____

temperature, chemicals

Thermoreceptors have ____ adaptation

rapid

Warm receptors are ____ nerve endings

free

warm receptors respond to temperatures in the range of?

30-43 degrees celsius

cold receptors have possible _____ nerve endings

free

Cold receptors respond to temperatures in the range of?

20-35 degrees celsius

cold and warm receptors overlap within ____

5 degrees celsius

Cold receptors can be triggered again at?

45 degrees celsius

Thermoreceptors begin at a ____ state

tonic

once temperature returns, cold receptors _____ and return to a _____ state

hyper polarize, resting